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This article discusses the formation of dystopia from its roots in utopia…

- - - - Republic is considered one of the pioneering utopian works
    - - First to think of a "true" utopia
        
        Says it's considered as an impractical ideal world
    - - Perfect and organized societies
      - Fleeing is a fancy of the imagination
    - - Claim utopia to be unrealistic & unattainable
      - Could be damaging to society; false hope
      - Example: Gulliver's Travels
    - - Re-introduced the utopian fascination
      - Anti-utopians began to counteract this
        
        Utopia was replaced with dystopia in a century of disillusionment
- - - - Pioneer in dystopic literature
      - The Machine Stops is probably the first modern dystopia text
    - - Brave New World by Aldous Huxley
      - 1984 by George Orwell
      - We by Yevgeny Zamyatin
      - Dystopias were much more tolerant than Utopias
    - - Most utopian fiction works are pessimistic about the present as opposed to the future
      - Are largely critical of the status quo and ask for change
- - - - Appeared as a pacifist toward totalitarianism
      - Player Piano
        
        His first novel
        
        Shows degradation of human dignity
        
        governed by efficiency, automation, the factory system, and consumerism
      - Creates numerous alternate universes that mirror our modern world
      - Believes that the mechanization of society ruins human dignity
    - - Illustrates the formation of contemporary American identity along with social and cultural changes
      - Depicts the following issues:
        
        Toxicity
        
        Mass media
        
        Terrorism
        
        Consumerism
        
        Conspiracy
        
        Paranoia
      - Most widely disputed
      - White Noise
        
        Connects with Simulacra and Simulation
      - Cosmopolis
        
        An allegory of self-destruction by the technologized capitalist society and its subsequent comeuppance in the violence it engenders in those whom it pushes aside
    - - Attempts to show conflict between science and the humanities
      - Brave New World
        
        Shows a horrid reality when physical and material prosperity is achieved with technology
        
        Written after the 1st World War
        
        Political/Social crisis with America & Europe
        
        Forms a "cautionary vision of the future"
        
        warns that the overtaking of technology can lead to the corruption of society
        
        Examples of present cultural decay
        
        Degradation of modern art
        
        Euthanasia
        
        Failure of the education system
      - Main concern: human lifestyle in modern society
- - - - Genetic Engineering
      - War
      - Consumer Culture
      - Automated World
      - Hypereality