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Addiction (Process of neurotransmitters (Neurotransmitters are synthesised…
Addiction
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Psychoactive drugs --> influence actions of the nervous system --> enter bloodstream --> to CNS --> encounter blood brain barriers --> prevent them from passing into neurons
Sites of action --> site where drug molecules interact with molecules in the body --> affects biochemical processes
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Drug sensitisation --> increasing sensitivity to a drug through particular behaviours --> on off drinking etc.
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Why do you get addicted?
Physical dependence theory/ withdrawal avoidance model --> drug addicts --> driven to continue taking --> to avoid horrid withdrawal symptoms --> negative reinforcement
Positive incentive theory --> addicts consume --> to obtain positive effects --> positive reinforcement
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Incentive-sensitisation theory --> positive-incentive value --> basis of addiction --> over actual hedonic value --> = anticipation of good effects
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Conditioning
Classical conditioning --> forming an association between two stimuli --> UCS = UCR --> NS+ UCS= UCR --> NS= UCR --> CS = CR --> environmental stimuli --> environmental stimuli --> predicts drug taking --> means conditioned stimuli --> drug effects are unconditioned
Conditioned drug tolerance --> tolerance effects --> when a drug is administered in same situation as previously --> situation specificity --> drug tolerance create a higher likeliness of drug overdose if do it elsewhere --> as tolerance effects aren't presented
Operant/ instrumental conditioning -->influencing behaviour through positive reinforcement --> rewards --> or negative --> punishments
Contingent drug tolerance --> tolerance develops to drug effects actually experienced --> users adapt their behaviour to drugs and effects --> ie. if rewarded with a good experience --> take again
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In the case of relapse --> brain parts involved --> priming-induced relapse --> mediated by prefrontal cortex --> conditional cue-induced --> relapse mediated by amygdala --> stress-induced relapse --> mediated by hypothalamus
Initial drug taking --> factors that can facilitate acquisition --> stress --> pressure --> peers etc.
Habitual drug taking --> incentive sensitisation theory --> anticipated pleasure is more encouraging than actual pleasure --> dorsal striatum --> known for habitual behaviour