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NATURAL DISASTERS (DISASTERS (Avalanche, Landslide, Drought, Wildfire,…

- - - - 1) Millions of people have been directly affected by disasters, and yet the vast majority of them recover due to the resilience of human nature.
      - 2) At the same time, many of those people will develop psychological disorders such as major depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder.
      - 3) Many more experience non-specific distress, somatic complaints and other medical health conditions.
    - - Severity of Exposure
        
        The amount of exposure to the disaster is highly related to risk of future mental problems.
      - Gender and Family Variables
        
        Almost always, women or girls were affected more adversely than were men or boys.
      - Children
        
        Research on the reactions of children to natural disasters is limited, yet children generally exhibit more severe distress after disasters than do adults.
      - Individual Risk Factors
        
        Pre-disaster functioning, secondary stressors and psychological resources are important in determining resilience.
      - Higher Risk for Developing Countries
        
        natural disasters in developing countries had more severe effects than did incidents of mass violence in developed countries although usually human-caused disasters are thought of as being more serious.
      - Reduced or Negative Social Support
        
        As a risk factor, social support can deteriorate over time following disasters due to post-disaster stress and the need of individuals to get on with their own lives.
      - Resilience Factors
        
        Human resilience dictates that a large number of individuals will naturally recover from disasters over time and move on, without experiencing debilitating mental health issues. The following factors increase resilience following disasters.
      - Social Support
        
        Social support is one of the key ingredients to post-disaster recovery. It has been shown to facilitate well-being and limit psychological distress following mass trauma.
      - Coping Self-Efficacy
        
        Consistent support has been found for the importance of coping self-efficacy in predicting psychological outcomes from a variety of disasters.