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Inhalational and Intravenous Anesthesia (Inhalation (Halothane (potent…
Inhalational and Intravenous Anesthesia
Inhalation
that include the gas nitrous oxide and volatile, halogenated hydrocarbons.
Halothane
potent anesthetic but a relatively weak analgesic.
coadministered with nitrous oxide, opioids, or local anesthetics.
potent bronchodilator and it relaxes both skeletal and uterine muscle,
is oxidatively metabolized in the body to
tissue-toxic hydrocarbons (e.g., trifluoroethanol) and bromide ion,
not repeated at intervals of less than 2 to 3 weeks.
The toxic reaction of halothane begins as a fever, followed by anorexia, nausea, and vomiting, and patients may exhibit signs of hepatitis
is vagomimetic and causes atropine-sensitive bradycardia- causing cardiac arrhythmias.
Malignant hyperthermia
No antagonists exist.
have very steep dose-response curves with a very narrow therapeutic index.
Intravenous
Benzodiazepines
midazolam, diazepam and lorazepam
Barbiturates
Thiopental and methohexital
Isoflurane
cause hypotension due to peripheral vasodilation.
It has a pungent odor and stimulates respiratory reflexes
little metabolism - not induce cardiac arrhythmias and - not sensitize the heart to the action of catecholamines.
Desflurane
very rapid onset and recovery due to its low blood solubility. + low volatility
Like isoflurane, it decreases vascular resistance and irritating
Sevoflurane
low pungency, allowing rapid induction without irritating the airway,
metabolized by the liver may cause nephrotoxic
Nitrous oxide
potent analgesic but a weak general anesthetic.
poorly soluble in blood
second gas effect.
does not depress respiration, and it does not produce muscle relaxation, has no effect on the cardiovascular ,
Propofol
Fospropofol
Etomidate
hypnotic agent but has no analgesic effects.
:check:decrease in plasma cortisol and aldosterone levels, due to inhibition of 11-β-hydroxylase
Ketamine
short-acting, nonbarbiturate anesthetic
possesses both anesthetic and analgesic properties.
Dexmedetomidine
sedative, analgesic, sympatholytic, and anxiolytic medication.
:no_entry:Like clonidine, its mechanism of action is agonism of α2 receptors in certain parts of the brain.
ability to provide sedation without causing respiratory depression.