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The Fascist State 1925-40 (Propaganda (Decrees were introduced in 1923 and…
The Fascist State 1925-40
Youth
Mussolini wanted to create a loyal generation of fascists
Mussolini formed the Fascist Youth Front in December 1921 for boys aged 14-17
When Mussolini was prime minister he then created the Gruppi Universitari Fascisti (GUF) in March 1923 followed by the Balilla for children 8-14
In April 1926 the Opera Nazionale Balilla was created to provide for 'the physical and moral benefit of the youth' for boys aged 8-18. It was reconstructed in 1934 into three catergories: Sons of the She Wolf, the Balilla and the Avanguardisti. Girls now had their own organisations: Daughters of the She Wolf, Little Italians and Young Italian Women
All these organisations were controlled by the Ministry of National Education which was created in 1929
All other youth organisations were banned
By 1937 fascist youth organisations had 7 million members
Propaganda
Decrees were introduced in 1923 and 25 to restrict the freedom of the press, formalised into official laws by parliament in 1926
All journalists were incorporated into a fascist union. Mussolini's newspaper the Popolo d'Italia had a circulation of 100,000 which was significantly less than other news papers. (600,000 for the Corriere della Sera)
The Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro 1925 (OND) was one of the most popular aspects of the regime. Workers were provided with social and sporting activities. Each OND section had a clubhouse and recreation ground
The Ministry of Press was formed in 1935 and in 1937 it was named the Ministry of Popular Culture
Most succesful part of propaganda was the Cult of il Duce . 30 millions pictures of Il Duce in 2,500 different poses were circulated, portraying him as a modern leader, a brilliant sportsman and a respected statesman
The cult of il duce failed to transform the people into a more militaristic culture
The national institute of Fascist Culture was created in 1926. It organised cultural events, free concerts in order to promote fascist propaganda. Several films glorified fascism such as Vecchia Guardia, however 87% of all box office takings came from showings of Hollywood produced films
Architecture was a key part of Fascist culture - with new Fascist buildings
The Political police division were formed in 1926 under Arturo Bocchini, and successfully broke up antifascist organisations
The secret police, known as OVRA was formed in 1927 by Bocchini to spy on Italians across Italy
Around 5,000 informers operated in Italy and OVRA was successful in stopping antifascist groups
The special Tribunals prosecuted 13,547 cases and imposed around 27,742 years of jail time
Around 10,000 Italians were sent into Confino
Discrimination
Key discontent came when there was the introduction of anti-Jewish policy in 1937- there were 45,000 Jews which was less than 1% of the population
Over the next 3 years over 6,000 Jews left the country
Jewish students were expelled from schools and Jewish lecturers lost their jobs
Mussolini was most likely influenced by the likes of Germany, Austria and Hungary
The majority of Italians resented the anti-semitic policies
Mussolini was trying to make Italy a more radicalised and militaristic