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BEHAVIOURAL STUDIES (ETHICS (STUDIES (MILGRIM OBEDIENCE STUDY (1961)
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BEHAVIOURAL STUDIES
ETHICS
HARM - must be protected from physical or mental harm (benefit vs. cost)
INFORMED CONSENT - researchers must outline what research is about, then ask participants for their consent.
DECEPTION - participants must be deceived as little as possible and any deception must not cause distress. Need debriefing if deceived.
DEBRIEF - at the end of study participants must be told true nature of study and what researcher was investigating.
CONFIDENTIALITY - no names can be used in research report data. Data must be kept anonymous.
Researchers should avoid conflicts of interest.
Researchers should report the truth from research results.
Unethical to conduct research that is not intended or cannot be of benefit to society.
BENEFIT vs. COST
STUDIES
MILGRIM OBEDIENCE STUDY (1961)
Teacher vs. learner study
Researcher coaxing “teacher” (participant) to shock “learner” (just an actor) with electricity
65% of people shocked at fatal level (450-volt shock)
VERY UNETHICAL - told participants they were doing a completely different study
LITTLE ALBERT (1919)
Classical conditioning
Conditioned fear of white things into baby
VERY UNETHICAL - Never told parent what it was about - economically disadvantaged mother
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ATTITUDES + BEHAVIOUR
ABC MODEL:
A - Affective. tends to persist over time and situations
B - Behavioural. limited to events or objects of some social significance to the attitude holder
C - Cognitive. general, involving a greater or lesser degree of abstraction
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Behavioural - How we behave when thinking about/encountering object/issue. eg. turning away from person you dislike
Cognitive - Beliefs, thoughts and knowledge about something - being informed about something affects how we feel or respond towards it
ABC model is important because it allows us to develop psychological/social interventions, behavioural and policy interventions. eg. addressing social problems such as discrimination
Studies:
Richard La Piere (1934) - Travelled to hotels and restaurants with Chinese student and his wife. Found lack of racism. Then in questionnaire sent out later to same establishments 90% said they wouldn't accept Chinese people
Corey (1937) - Student cheating. Let them self mark a test and measured cheating, after doing questionnaire about their attitude to cheating. Found significant difference between attitude and behaviour.
Batson (1997, 1999) - Fun or dull tasks. Looked at the relationship between attitude towards assigning someone the dull task, and their actual behaviour when asked to assign someone a task. 80% gave themselves fun task
Jones and Sigall (1971) - Bogus pipeline machine. Used fake lie detector which got people to show real attitudes (stops socially desirable responding)
Attitude suppression
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PRINCIPLE OF AGGREGATION - Our behaviour becomes more apparent when you look at a person's average or aggregate of multiple behaviours, rather than one isolated behaviour.
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BEHAVIOURAL VIGILANCE/SELF-MONITORING - Those most aware of themselves are most likely to respond honestly
Evoking self-awareness: Have a mirror in the room, or the presence of eyes (in a picture)