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Reproduction and Breeding (Factors (Social factors (Communication…
Reproduction and Breeding
Female
Main Organs
Ovary
produces ova & hormones
Oviduct
transport of ovum
Vagina
organ of copulation
Uterus
Implantation & pregnancy
Bicornuate Uteri
Simplex Uteri
Bipartite Uteri
Duplex Uteri
Vulva
external opening
Cervix
protects from external disturbance
Reproductive processes
Steroidogenesis
Produce hormone
Fertilization
Union of sperm & ova
Ovulation
Release ova
Implantation
Embryo attached to uterine wall
Oogenesis
Produce ova
Pregnancy
Fetal growth and development
Parturition
Giving birth
Germ cell production
Germ cell
Normal replenishing in male
Continuing decrease in female
Mitosis
Ceases in female after birth
Greatly increase number of spermatozoa
Estrus
Female accept mounting from the male
Depicts ovarian activity
Estrus
Period of sexual receptivity
Metestrus
Period of corpus luteum formation
Proestrus
Period of follicular growth
Diestrus
Period when corpus luteum is fully functional
Menstrual
depicts uterine events
in large apes and human
Obvious bleeding
Due to
Shedding of uterus wall
Follicular growth
Oogonia
Oocytes
Primary follicles
Secondary follicles
Ovulation / atresia
Involve loss of antrum
Male
Main organs
Testis
produces sperm
Ducts
Store and carry sperm & seminal fluids to penis
Accessory organs
produces fluid- carrying sperm to penis
Penis
Deposit sperm into vagina
Bulls
undergo musth
elevated testosterone and heightened aggressive states
Testis
development
descend into scrotum
during breeding season
bats, most rodents, some carnivores and ungulates
during fetal or early postnatal life
most domestic mammals
Undescended testicles
Cryptochidism
Structure
90%
seminiferous tubules
10%
connective tissue, blood vessels & Leydig cells
Functions
Spermatogenesis
occurs in seminiferous tubules
secretes testicular fluid
for transport of sperm
contain spermatogonia
associated with Sertoli cells
support & sustain spermatogonia
Hormonal control
GnRH
FSH
produce sperm & inhibin
direct
inhibited by testosterone & estrogen
LH
produce testoterone
stimulate Sertoli cells
indirect through Leydig cells
inhibited testosterone
testosterone
elevated level
negative feedback on sperm production
anabolic steroid
oligospermia
Male infertility
Steroidogenesis
Leydig cells
produces testosterone
stimulated by LH
high concentration of testosterone
maintain function of epidydimis
inhibits LH release
male infertility
low sperm count
due to
decreased gonadotrophin stimulation
blockages in testis, epidydimis or vas deferens
impotency
penis fails to become erect
treatment
Cognitive behavioral therapy & medicine
causes
physical damages
reduced blood flow & nerve damage
psychological problem
stress, depression, anxiety
health & medication
diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease
Factors
Social factors
Communication
Pheromones
Vocalization
Exposure to male
'male effect'
hasten onset of puberty
intensifies signs of etrus
female-female interaction
Facilitates sexual development
Nutrition
Adequate
Optimum reproductive efficiency
inadequate
delay onset of puberty & recycling
Photoperiod & breeding season
Pineal gland
respond to changes in photoperiod
increase melatonin secretion
determine onset of breeding season
Temperature & humidity
hot & humid environment
depresses dairy cows & sows
Hormonal control of reproduction
Gonadotrophin releasing hormones (GnRH)
Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH)
Stimulates follicle growth
Produces estrogen
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Stimulates corpus luteum
produce progesterone
Reproductive senescence
menopause
occurs generally in woman after age 50
diminishing estrogen & progesterone secretion
pituitary gonadotrophin secretion increased
Birth control
chemical castration
via drugs
immunization
Sperm surface antigens
Zona Pellucida
Neutering
castration of male animal
Spaying
ovariohysterectomy of female animal
Reproductive adaptation
Bird
Decline in breeding (non-season)
Uniparental & Biparental
for female to produce egg
Male partner helps female partner in NB ( nest building) & PC ( parental caring)
sprematogenesis need less energy, male partner more energetic
non- migrants vs migrants
non-migrants 14% less efficient
migrants more efficient
promising food source during migration
Pelagic seabirds 40% less productive
energy need to travel
low mortality rates
by
some birds with specific diet
Eg: nectarivorous/ Pelagic brid
Egg composition
yolk provide protein/ albumin as water supply and cushion effect
Eg: Shorebirds = camouflage coloring in adult, chicks & eggs
Altricials & precocials
precocials = resembles parent, can take care itslef, more productive
Altricials = less productive (need parent care)
Marine animals
sexual
asexual
more abundant
simple uniflagellate
sperm
small buoyant eggs
invertebrates
hermaphrodites
direct sex change
Eg: clownfish
Fish
Bisexuality/Gonochorism
Unisexuality/ Parthenogenesis
development of young without fertilization
Hermaphroditism
synchronous
1 testis 1 ovary, either left/ right
asynchronous
changes gender after some period
Eg: male to female (clownfish)
Fresh water
Demersal eggs
high protein, less water
long incubation period
larger & less vurnerable larvae
Marine
Buoyant/ Pelagic eggs
consists mostly water
short incubation period
vurnerable larvae
Fresh water animals
Rapid turnover of generations
Direct insemination
larger and yolkier
eggs / brood pouches
reduced larval form
Protected surface ( chitin)
short life cycles
