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same-sex parents (Divorce in same-sex: role of children (Aarskaug Wiik…

- - - - divorce risk 49% less for common child couples vs childless
  - - - 14% from previous
      - Probably bc attitudes towards gay parenting less positive than lesbian
  - - - divorce risk (with/without children) similar to lesbian
- - - - afraid if legal mother leaves, social mother loses child
- - - - people protesting at Pride event talk about going to hell
  - - - adjusting behavior and ignoring negative reactions from people looking/passing by (only when their children were present, since the parents themselves dont care about public negativity towards them)
        
        allows child to accept their parents as sexual minority @ own pace. Hides for the sake of child's comfort
      - surround their family with family members friends that are supportive and accepting
- - - - helps child develop sense of self
- - - - lesbian mothers in US - greater worry than Canadian
    - - Canada: legalized same sex marriage
- - - - based off research from adoption -> children not given info about bio parents = more emotional, behavioral, and identity problems vs. children given info
      - Surrogacy - undermines parents' relationship with child, esp when contact continues after child's birth. Not known how children will feel when they find out
  - - - 1995 - 111 donor insemination families -> no families disclosed to their children by time child entered school
        
        follow up study (2009) no one told by age 18 either
      - many research show families in 20th century did not disclose to children
        
        Reasoning: jeopardize positive relationship btwn child & non-genetic parent. Do not know how to tell child (donor was anon & cant answer child's q's)
      - Millennium - 88% surrogate fams disclosed to 7 yo (age where most adopted children find out)
        
        Parents gave story-like descriptions, age-appropriate information
      - (2005) young ppl with identifiable donors planned to request identity once reach 18. Only 10% feel he's important person in life.
        
        (2010) Most searching are curious about donor, want more complete sense of identity
        
        more often find donor siblings, parents more encouraging about donor sibs than donor
    - - Longitudinal study - children age 6, 12, 18 found no differences in emotional/behavioral problems
        
        Parenting was more positive in assisted reproduction vs natural @ age 6 -> not @ age 12
        
        **Almost all children in these studies unaware of bio origins
      - In families that disclosed - more positive parenting & highly involved (reflecting parent's high lvl of commitment to parenting given difficulties experienced in quest for child
        
        less positive relationship in surrogacy fams (but within the normal range)
    - - 1990's - children of lesbian moms -> no difference in gender devel, peer relations, psychological well-being, sexual orien. in childhood/adolescence than hetero fams
        
        more likely to tell children & at a younger age than hetero
      - **Lacking research is this field
- - - - less likely to create gender stereotyped physical environments for child
        
        bedroom deco and color
      - less conservative attitudes about gender-related behavior
        
        boys can be shy as much as girls
        
        active play acceptable for girls and boys
    - - less likely to provide highly gender stereotyped physical environments
        
        children had less stereotyped attitudes about gender development