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Vaccinations and Active and Passive immunity (Vaccination programmes (Herd…
Vaccinations and Active and Passive immunity
Active immunity
Artificial Active immunity is through the injection of a dead or weakened microbe which the body then stimulates an immune response to
Natural Active immunity is where the body becomes infected and produces its own immune response and antibodies producing memory cells
Passive immunity
Immunity coming from an external source NO MEMORY CELLS INVOLVED
Natural Passive immunity occurs during foetal development and is the passing of antibodies from mother to child
Artificial Passive immunity is the injection of antibodies into the body which will then fight the infection but not produce memory cells
Ethics of vaccinations
Possible harmful side effects balance of immunity over risk
How should trials be carried out and who should they be tested on
Production of vaccines uses animals is it right?
Should vaccine programmes continue if disease nearly eradicated
Should new vaccines for disease be produced if the disease is common in certain areas
Should vaccinations be compulsory for benefits of the people
Vaccination programmes
Factors for successful vaccination programme
Disease must be of a significant risk to health
Must have sufficient funding and supply of vaccine (economically viable)
Few side affects as unpleasant side effects may cause individuals to be discouraged
Means of transporting, storing and producing must be available e.g. hygienic conditions refrigerated transport and advanced equipment
Means of correct administration of vaccine so staff training essential
Herd immunity must be achieved
Immunity of a majority of the population as whole population can never be vaccinated
Compromised immune systems and young children with immune systems not fully developed
Protects everyone from a disease whether immune or not based on disease being spread person to person
Vaccinations not fully eliminating a disease
Antigenic variability so different strains of a disease may occur
Some may develop disease straight after vaccination which may spread to others
Failure of induction in individuals
Religious objections to receiving vaccinations and unfounded concerns
Certain pathogens can avoid bodies immune system and will still infect people (cholera)