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Breeding and Reproduction (Male Reproductive Organs and Processes (major…
Breeding and Reproduction
female
Reproductive Organs structure
and functions
Uterus
implantation and pregnancy
type of uterus
Bicornuate Uteri
The upper parts of the uterus (long uterine horns) remain separated, but the lower parts are
fused into a single structure (one cervix). E.g. dogs
Simplex Uteri
Complete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts forming a single uterine body with no uterine
horns. E.g. higher primates.
Bipartite Uteri
Two smaller uterine horns with relatively small uterine body with a single cervix. E.g.
ruminants (deers, moose), cats, horses, etc.
Duplex Uteri
Completely separate uterine horns each with their own cervical canal. Two cervices and one
vagina e.g rabbit
Cervix
protects from external
disturbance
Oviduct
transport of ovum
Vagina
organ of copulation
Ovary
produces ova and hormones
Vulva
external opening to reproductive
organs
Reproductive processes in female
Produce hormone (Steroidogenesis)
Fertilization (union of sperm and ova)
Release ova (Ovulation)
Implantation (attachment of embryo to
uterine wall)
Produce ova (Oogenesis)
Pregnancy (fetal growth and
development)
Parturition (giving birth)
differences between male and female germ reproduction
estrus
Estrus is period of sexual
receptivity
Metestrus is a period of
corpus luteum formation
Proestrus is period of
follicular growth
Diestrus is a period
when corpus luteum is
fully functional.
Estrus cycle depicts
ovarian activity.
menstrual
Characterized by obvious
bleeding
Bleeding is a result of
shedding of the
vascularised walls of the
uterus
Menstrual cycle depicts
uterine events in large
apes and human.
follical growth
Male
Reproductive Organs and
Processes
major organs
Accessory organs: produces fluids which
carries the sperm to the penis
Ducts: store and carry sperm and seminal
fluids to penis
Testis: produces sperm (spermatogenesis)
and sex hormones (steroidogenesis)
Penis: deposit sperm into vagina
testis
Testis of adult
humans: 4-5cm
long, 2-3cm
diameter, 10-14g
weight.
structure
functions
Spermatogenesis
It occurs in the
seminiferous tubules
Steroidogenesis
Seminiferous tubules also secretes large
quantities of testicular fluid into the lumen.
This fluid is important in the transport of sperm
out of the testis
Once the spermatozoa are formed, they exist
free in the lumen.
hormonal control
GnRH stimulates the anterior
pituitary to secrete FSH and
LH.
LH stimulate
the testis to produce testosteron
FSH stimulate the testis to produce sprem and inhibin
feedback mechanism
Testosterone inhibits
LH secretion
Testosterone and
estrogen also inhibits
FSH secretion.
male infertility
Low sperm count may be due to
decreased gonadotrophin (FSH, LH)
stimulation
blockages in the rete testis, epidydimis or
vas deferens
impotency
causes
Physical damage
psychological problem
– health and medication
Birth Control for
farm animal and pet
Chemical castration
Neutering & Spaying
Immunization
Hormonal control
of reproduction
FSH stimulates follicle in the ovary to grow
and produces estrogen.
Anterior pituitary gland releases FSH and
LH.
Reproduction controlled by hypothalamus through GnRH changes the pattern of secretion of pituitary hormones, LH and FSH.
estrogen and progesterone
maintains the uterus and secondary sexual
characters and exert feedback control over
both hypothalamus and pituitary gland
LH stimulates corpus luteum to produce
progesterone.
Photoperiod &
breeding season
Pineal gland
respond to
changes in photoperiod
(length of daylight) by
increasing melatonin
secretion.
Melatonin
determines the
onset of breeding season
in seasonal breeders
other factors that affecting breeding
Social factors
Nutrition
Reproductive senescence
Temperature and humidity
reproductive adaptation
Reproductive adaptation
for fresh water animals
Very short life cycles
Rapid turnover of generations
Reduce larval forms, etc
Reproductive adaptation
in birds
Gamebirds (eg. Quail) survived from harvest for food and
sports due to their high reproductive rates
Altricials (i.e. need parents to survive) are 50% less
productive than precocials, etc
Reproductive success decline (altrophy) during the nonbreeding
season.
Reproductive adaptation
for marine animals
Use both asexual and sexual modes of reproduction
