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General Process Model (GPM) (Assessment (12 important elements (Both…
General Process Model (GPM)
Engagment
definition
process of person to clienthood
commit himself to the role expectations and obligations
identify the required behavioral performance
establish helping relationship between client-worker
action system formed
Professional relationship between the worker
and the client system (CSWE, 2008)
Clear purpose
commitment to meet client's needs
ethical standard of practice
communicating warmth, genuineness and empathy
First contact of client-worker (Therapeutic Alliance, Nick F Coady)
7 Needs of clients in helping situation
dealt with indi instead of category
express feeling both positive and negative
receive sympathetic understanding of and response to feelings expressed
accepted as a person of worth, person with innate dignity
neither judged nor condemned for one's difficulties
make one's own choices and decisions concerning one's life
help keep confidential info
6 Social Work Tasks
Understanding pathways to clienthood
Client sources: Self-approach, third-party referral, reaching out
types of clients: voluntary, involuntary, non-voluntary
use client's frame: start where the client is, concern of client
Use ecosystems strengths approach: focus on changing interactions and transition instead of looking for causes
Bargianing Strategy: make indi to aware of benefits from working with worker
facilitating the role induction
common expectations from clients: receiving lectures/ magical solutions/ advice giving/ changing other family members/ getting resources
Worker's should..Explaining the agency services, procedure, discuss the expectation for the client about service, relationship and behaviors/ Briefly explain the nature of the helping process
role clarification: self and mutual expectation
client's expectation+ worker's expectation= realistic collaborative relationship :arrow_right:therapeutic alliance
role training: description and structuring
preliminary assessment of problem/ need/ tasks/ strengths/ potential
required services are within purview of the agency
decide priority of probs
decide urgency of intervention
decide worker's competent
engage with his/her systems too
form action system with significant others of client: resources provider
initiating professional relationship
terminate/ referral/ proceed to the next phase of helping
deciding on how to proceed
trust-building and show desire to help
concern for others/ commitment and obligation/ acceptance/ empathy/ clear communications/ genuineness/ authority and power/ purpose
Blocks and limitations
mutual unknowingness
attitudes towards the other culture or diversity
availability of diff opportunities
conflicts between societal and cultural expetations
denial of worker's incompetence
client's reluctance to accept help
Assessment
definition
determine
appropriate types of services
identify
objective facts
subjective interpretation
causative factors
positive (strengths, resources)
negative aspects
12 important elements
Both product and process
Ongoing – understanding evolves
Twofold, both on understanding and provides a base
Involves both client system and worker
Involve observation, information collection and explanation
Horizontal and vertical exploration
Knowledge base for developing understanding
Identify needs and explain their meaning and pattern
Identify strengths of client system and his situatedcontext
Individualized
Involves (professional) judgment
Limits to understanding
Stages in assessment
Identify the initial need or concern
needs: attention to verbal and nonvebal within client's context
blocks: stressful life situations, env unresponsiveness, interactions between systems
formulate needs and concerns
seek client's specific version of needs and concerns
Identify the nature of the need or concern
wt info is necessary to understand the situation
available resources
knowledge of human behavior (psy theories)// client system psychosocial functioning
provide focus for the selection and collection of info
Identify potential strengths and resources in the ecosystem
wt would bring necessary changes
potential strengths in client's ecosystem
look at possibilities instead of limitations and deficits
identify client's system strengths
Select and collect information
Aims
assist client in meeting needs
meet the bureaucratic demands of the agency or regulatory bodies
determine the assumptions' correctness
wt, when, who, where, how
consider diversity factors, eg. influence of diversity on thoughts and actions
let client be the expertise
data collection method
existing info, observation, home visit, probing, interview, questionnaire, role-play, drawing
verbal and writen
direct and projective
Analyze the available information
worker's understanding of client
wt changes are needed
wt further info is needed for a better understanding f the situation
wt further info is needed to bring changes
interpretation of data
Ordering-priority and impotance
Discovering – relationship and pattern
Exploring – understanding in context
Identifying – factors underlying a problem
Worker's remarks
critical thinking with knowledge base
paraphrasing and summarizing
identify potential strengths and resources
Preparing for intake summary
determine purpose
included/ excluded info
Bg Info
Family Bg
Health Condition
Presenting Problem
Initial Assessment
Service Planning
Objectives
Action Plan
Signature (SW,Client)
Personal info: work his, date, name, sex ,age
organized info to meaningful area
separate facts from interpretation/ judgment
use simple lang
get to the point
Genogram
Planning and contracting
definition
Planning
bridge between assessment and action
deliberate rational choices and judgments
assessment content to goal statement
identify the means to reach goal
made agreement with client and sensitive to the client's PISC
Contracting
entails the processes of reaching agreement with client
overall purpose of the service(rationale)
service goal (desirable outcome)
interventionobjectives( specific, short-term target)
specific task and action
Client's involvement
without involvement -> unlikely be agreed and accepted
service plan as the basis of a service contract
safeguarded basic rights of clients
7 Rights of client
right to
make decision
and have input
right to know the approach and likelihood of success and
possible adverse consequences
right to know
how long
the intervention will last
right to know
how much time and money
needed
right to know the
consequences for terminating
and intervention
right to know the
evaluation method
of the effectiveness
right to know the
existing appeals
or grievance procedures
Components of planning
Goals and objectives
Overall, long range expected outcome
intermediate goals or objective been sttained
goals are call for direct and definitive statement: progress can be accurately measured
flexible goal statement
limit the number of goals not more than 3
base on strength-base-approach
Goal statement
specific
use of who, wt, how, when
feasible
positive
Partializing goals
developing strategies to attain goals (manageable parts)
operationalizing goals by diving them into intermediate goals
Units of attention
focal system, system being focused for the change effort
eg, indi, families, small groups or organization
Strategy
Overall approach to change PISC
involves roles and tasks
implies multiple cases
eg, consensus strategy, conflict strategy
feel, act, think :recycle:
planning process
start: take preliminary statement of need or concern and turn it into goal
formulate goal
question client where they are and wanna go
Formulating tasks
set of activity designed to implement
behavioral or cognitive action
Summarization skills
acknowledge the probl
share our view
delineating the problem-for-work
setting goal and objectives
specifying strategies and tasks
summarizing the main pts of the contract
Intervention
10 natures and charateristics
Planned and purposeful activities
Planned actions or inactions
Tangible or intangible
Effect may be small, but definite
Focus on service goals
Client’s self-determination
Individualization
Developmental stage of client system
Interdependence
Economy
Psychosocial Intervention
Direct intervention
definition
face-to-face
Non-Reflective
(Non-specific)
Intervention
Sustainment
relieve client's feelings
Acceptance
Reassurance
gifts
visits
Exploration-Description-Ventilation
aim: to help client relieve from tension
method: encourage the expression of pent-up feelings in client via description of emotionally-charge events
:no_entry:
emtions feed on itself --> turn to less emotionally laden topic
client express one emotion and hide another
client derives gratigication from talking, make no effort to change, dwells in self pity
if client is having mental disorder or near psychotic
Direct Influence
Promote specific kind of behaviors on the client
underlying
emphasis to action
suggesting
express your inclination
advising
stating an opinion abt action
insisting
putting a certain forcefulness behind the advice
actual intervention
forceful intervention
Reflective
Intervention
Person-situation Reflection
deal with current and recent events; understand the nature of his situation; responses; interaction
Interaction between client and situation
Pattern-Dynamic Reflection
clients reflect of internal reasons for responses and actions
worker moves beyond single event, consider client's personality or a tendency
Developmental Reflection
development of his psychological pattern and tendencies by helping client to consider the relationship of one facet or behaviour, in historical terms
help client to modify reactions to these early life exp
Structural Reflection
beware that part of his/her problems may
be constituted by socio-economic structure
Structural Reflection and Intervention
help client beware that part of the problems may be constituted by socio-economic structure
power imbalances and inequalities;
dominant social practices;
dominant social beliefs;
historical and social change;
labelling processes;
socio-economic structures.
understanding structure may be inadequate
lack of power;
ideological and social restrictions;
hidden social agendas;
conflicts between interests groups;
effects of labelling;
prohibitive social economic restrictions.
intervention may include
increase exploited people’s power;
decrease ideological restrictions;
decrease exploitation, expose hidden social agendas;
equalize power imbalances;
increase capacity to change and control lives;
raise awareness of influence of historical and social change
provide material resources by changing prohibitive social structure
Indirect Intervention (Environmental Work)
bring environmental changes vis communication
2 Types
Treatment
through
the env use resources and opportunities that exist in client's immediate env
Treatment
of
the environment- modify the client's situation to reduce problem and increase opportunities
PISC// environmental work includes
working with
collaterals
significant others
resources work
brokerage
developing resources
can be achieved through
social edu
active use of resources
social empathy
social support
critical awareness
empowerment and advocacy
Evaluation and Termination
Evaluation
reason for conducting
to monitor changes
to round up learning exp
service accountability
to client/ society/ profession
methods of evaluating intervention
single-subject design
task achievement scaling (TAS)
Goal attainment scaling (GAS)
Client satisfaction questionnaire(CSQ)
Single-subject design (SSD)
Ongoing in all phases
Disengagement: managing feelings/ emotions associated with separation
Feelings and reactions vary
affected by reasons for termination
affected by worker-client relationship
affected by past experience of separation
Reason for termination
goal reached and no follow-up action needed
client lost contact
little or no improvement (client's lack of motivation)
service not available
worker is leaving the agency
Impacts of termination
worker
:+1::skin-tone-2:
opportunity to evaluate worker's professional identify (exp, present and goal)
separation as a purposive step toward self-realization and an affirmation of maturity
:-1::skin-tone-2:
evoke repressed feelings of prior separation
worker react with mourning, grief reaction,anxiety
worker withdraw his current energies and concern to the future job
client
:+1::skin-tone-2:
signify the attainment of goal and problem solved
try to be independent
:-1::skin-tone-2:
termination reaction would be affected by worker
common feeling/ behaviours: denial, fright, sadness, abandonment, loss, hostility, regression
sensitive to termination because of specific exp
hanging feelings
recognize worker's feeling
let client express feeling
examine client's feeling
be sensitive to the arousal of conflicts in separation
show acceptance to feelings
go through process of mourning
review completed things
taper off involvement
stabilization of change/ maintaining positive changes
review and round up what has been done
why the problem is solved? client's effort and motivation
analyze unsuccessful cases and lead him/her to positive changes
reinforce and highlight favours\able behaviour
bring out the rationale for skills they learn
involve significant others of client
arrange ongoing env resources
discuss possible goals for future
offer relapse training
fade contacts gradually
assure to client service with the organization
essential tasks at termination phase
analyze and decide when to terminate
eliminate or reduce the difference of when to terminate between worker and client
control client's feeling abt termination and minimize negative effect
evaluate the progress, attainment of objectives and individual growth of client
ensure client's ability to solve problem indepemndently
consolidate changes
arrange transferral or follow-up if needed