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Psychology 223 (Emotional Development (Recognizing Emotions (Recognizing…

- - - - Secure Attachment
      - Avoidant
      - Resistant
      - Disorganized
- - - - Genetics
      - Socioeconomic Statis
      - Culture
    - - Authoritarian (High Control, Low Warmth)
      - Authoritative (High Control, High Warmth)
      - Permissive (Low Control, High Warmth)
      - Uninvolved (Low Control, Low Warmth)
    - - Modeling
      - Direct Instruction
      - Feedback
        
        Praise
        
        Punishment
    - - Effect of Siblings
      - Birth Order
  - - - Moral reasoning is based on external factors such as reward and punishment
        
        Stage 1: Obedience Orientation - Believing that authority figures know what is right and wrong. Individuals do what authorities say to avoid punishment
        
        Stage 2: Instrumental Orientation - Looking out for one's own needs. Individuals do right in expectance of reciprocity (or a reward)
    - - Moral reasoning is based on society's norms
        
        Stage 3: Interpersonal Norms - Looking to win approval of others. Individuals do right to be accepted as a good person
        
        Stage 4: Social System Morality - Believing that laws exist for a reason, promote the good of people, and maintain order in society. Individuals do right because of laws
    - - Moral reasoning is based on personal moral code
        
        Stage 5: Social Contract - Believing laws are good for all members of society
        
        Stage 6: Personal Code can conflict with society's laws
- - - - Language is learned through imitation and reinforcement
      - Issues
        
        Parents focus on teaching semantics, not syntax
        
        Children can build sentences they have never heard before by using grammar
    - - Infants are innately born with the capacity for language. We rapidly gain language through simple exposure as a catalyst
      - The critical period for language acquisition is birth - 12 years
      - Issues
        
        Does not explain how
    - - Infants are born with an innate ability to acquire language. Emphasizes social interactions playing a key role in language
  - - - Babbling - i.e. bababa, mamama (6 Months)
      - Words - (10 - 12 Months)
      - Cooing - Vowel like sounds i.e. oooooo, ahhhhhh (2 Months)
      - Gesturing - i.e. pointing (8 Months)
    - - Higher Pitch
      - Exaggerated intonation
      - Slower Pace
- - - - Hormones (i.e. testosterone, estrogen)
      - How do they emerge?
        
        Nature and Nurture - Biological programming, such as hormones (nature) and sociocultural norms (nurture)
        
        Psychobiosocial Theory - Biology influences the brain which influences behaviors which influences our experiences/ environment which influences our earning which influences the brain etc
      - Boys - Earlier and more intense gender roles. Have a more difficult time learning gender roles
      - Girls - Later and less intense gender roles. More flexibility in gender roles
      - Become greater during adolescence
      - Reduce in late adulthood
- - - - Zone of Proximal Development - The difference between what a child can do alone and what a child can do with help
      - Scaffolding - Determining when, how much, and what kind of assistance give children
      - Private Speech - A child's private comments to help guide and regulate their own behavior. Seem as an intermediate step between external regulation and self-regulation
- - - - Begins with self-awareness and self-recognition, understanding the concept of being an individual distinct from others
      - Beginning at about 15 - 18 months very suddenly. By 2 months infants recognize faces
      - Young Children
        
        Concrete / descriptive / physical self-understandings i.e. My name is Evan / my eyes are green
        
        Have difficulty relating mind and body.
        
        Theory of mind not yet developed, not yet able to lie
        
        No distinction of self and identity
        
        Tendency to overestimate abilities