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Comparision of Curriculum Ideologies (Aims (Learner Centered Stimulate…

- - - - John Amost Comenius (1592-1670)
        Emphasized that learning is developmental and that it progresses from concrete experiences to abstract thought
      - Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
        Author of Emile which is frequently credited with being the source of learner centered ideas
      - Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827
        Transformed Rousseau's theory into practice through his work, How Gertrude Teaches Her Children
      - Friedrich Frobel (1782-1852)
        A student of Pestalozzi who invented kindergarten
      - G.Stanley Hall (1844-1924)
        Founded the child study movement in the 1880s
      - Colonel Francis W. Parker (1844-1924)
        "Father of progressive education"
        Known for his desire to move children to the center of education; teacher-prepared learning environments that allow children to explore nature and their world through self activity
      - John Dewey (1859-1952)
        Author of Schools of Tomorrow whose work supports many of the beliefs of learner centered educators
    - - 1919, the Progressive Education Association was founded as an umbrella organization created to support Learner Centered educators working
      - 1965 , a resurgence (after the Great Depression and WWII put a halt to learner centered ideology development) in response to a similar resurgence of the Scholar Academic ideology
      - Late 1970's, an attack by New York Times editor Fred Hichinger claiming that open education was a failed experiment
      - 1980's and 90s, multiple intelligence theories by Howard Gardner, stimulated Learner Centered educators.
      - End of the 20th Century, Sudbury Schools and Fayerweather Street Schools, Montessori, Waldorf, and Reggio Emilia schools are being promoted by educators to nurture Learner Centered theories
  - - - Lester Frank Ward (1841-1913)
        Began the discussion of Social Reconstruction in his works, Dynamic Sociology and The Psychic Factors of Civilization
      - John Dewey (1859-1952)
        Author of Reconstruction in Philosophy and Democracy and Education which both prepared the way for the Social Reconstruction ideology
      - George Counts (1889-1974)
        Brought the Social Reconstruction ideology to life in 1932 with a presentation at the Progressive Education Association annual meeting
      - Theodore Brameld (1904-1987)
        Author of Toward a Reconstructing Philosophy of Education which brought the ideology back to light after WWII
    - - 1932, Social Reconstruction flourished during the Great Depression
      - End of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, Social Reconstruction was empowered by the critical theory reform in academia.
      - Currently, No Child Left Behing and Race to the Top mandates are very concerning to Social Reconstruction ideologists because of the corporate capitalist involvement
  - - - Social Reform
        Introduced between 1900-1920
        Making the needs of society it's highest priority
      - Utilitarian Education
        Introduced between 1875 - 1925
        Making Schools useful and relevant to the life of individuals and the nation
      - Behavioral Psychology
        Introduced between 1900-1966
        Controllable conditions of learning can mold behavior
      - Scientific Methodology
        Beginning of the 20th century
        Statistics, accurate measurement, task analysis, efficiency engineering, and industrial management
    - - Frank Bobbitt (1876-1956
        Father of Social Efficiency
      - John B. Watson (1878-1958)
        Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949)
        B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
        Interpreted behavioral psychology as the psychological base of Social Efficiency
      - Robert Gagne (1916-2002)
        Supporter of Social Efficiency
  - - - Charles W. Elliot (1834-1926)
        The way to improve society is by improving the intelligence of individuals by developing people's mental power.
      - William C. Bagley (1872-1946)
        Believed the that schools should provide a common curriculum for all students that was grounded in the academic disciplines of the liberal arts
        Argued against curriculum differentiation, against separating students into groups based on future employment (vocational, general, and college bound)
      - W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)
        Fought against the idea of education programs based on race or social status
      - E.D. Hirsch (1987)
        Wrote Cultural Literacy in which he argued for a list of specific knowledge that children should learn at each grade level
      - Lester Frank Ward (1841-1913)
        The purpose of education should be to transmit to all members of society, knowledge of their cultural heritage and that access to such knowledge is the key to betterment
      - William Torrey Harris (1835-1909)
        The purpose of schooling is to raise children above their natural state of being savages and prepare them to live a civilized life in which they could knowledgeably participate in American democracy.
    - - 1982 NEA makes a recommendation of high school curriculum
        4 years of English, History, Mathematics, and Foreign Language
        3 years of Science
      - 1983 (due to decline in student achievement in comparison to other countries) the National Commision on Excellence in Education (NCEE) set the requirements for graduation to be 4 years of English, 3 years of math, science, and social studies, and 1/2 year of computer science
      - 1900-1955 enrollment of students in academic tracks dropped because of vocational and general education tracks
      - 1957 (because of the threat of the cold war) participation in science, mathematics and other academic subjects was strongly encouraged.