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B1 (2) (Plant response and Hormones (Gravitropism(a growth response to…
B1 (2)
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Reflex Actions
Impulse Pathways
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Path of the impulse
1-when you stand on a pin, a receptor picks up the stimulus
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Electrical impulses cannot jump across synapses(Chemicals secrete starting a new electrical impulse)
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Controlling the Body
Temperature Control
Gain water from food and drink, Lose water in your breath, sweat and urine
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Kidneys keep the balance of water and ions by varying the amount of water and salt from excreting in urine
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The body loses heat by radiation from the skin, and from the evaporation of sweat
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Survival in the Desert
An SAS survival manual gives this advice to conserve water: Avoid exertion, Keep col and stay in the shade; Don't lie on the hot ground; Don't eat because digestion uses up fluids; Talk as little as possible; Breathe through your nose rather than your mouth
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Controlling Fertility
IVF
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The woman is given hormones, such as FSH, to make her ovaries produce a several eggs
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One of the embryos is chosen and placed in the woman's uterus. With luck, it will sink into the uterus lining and develop as a fetus
Multiple Births
Twins or triplets are more likely to have problems developing in the uterus than a single fetus. They are also more likely to be underweight at birth
Drugs
Dangers
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Drug addiction can cause long-term effects to the body such as the lungs, brain and liver
If you are addicted, if you stop taking you will have withdrawal symptoms
Deaths
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Some deaths are from poisoning but some happen because the drug makes the user behave inn a dangerous way
Developing New Drugs
Drug Trials
1- The drug is tested in a laboratory on human cells or tissue to ind out if it is toxic. It may also be tested on live animals
2- Human volunteers are given different doses, to find out what is the highest dose that can be taken safely;y. Any side-effects are recorded
3- In clinical trials, the drug is tested on its target illness. It is given to people who have the same illness, to see if it makes them better. Some patients are given placebos which do not contain the drug. Neither patient nor their doctors knows whether they have a placebo or the real drug (double blind trial). This helps determine whether the drug really works
Thalidomide was used to treat morning sickness in pregnant woman, butm babies where born with short arms or no arms. Thalidomide was banned but now is being used to treat leprosy
Evaluating Statins
Statins are drugs that help people to reduce their blood cholesterol level and therefore greatly reduce their risk of getting heart disease
When Statins were first introduced, trials had shown almost no side effects
However, since then, side-effects such as painful muscles have been discovered
Legal and Illegal drugs
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Drugs in Sport
Professional s[ports people are banned from taking certain performance enhancing drugs such as steroids, beta blockers and stimlulants
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Competition
Competing
Organisms mat have to compete for resources if they are in short supply(eg plants compete for light)
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Avoiding Competition
Many organisms have become able to live in places where few others can survive(survival is tough but you don't need to share resources)
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Adaptations for Survival
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Extreme Environments
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Extremophiles must have stable protein molecules that are not affected by conditions such as high temp or high pressure