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New Directions in Protest Policing by Edward Maguire (New Vision for the…

- - - - Protesters blocked streets, disrupted traffic, threw objects at police officers and their vehicles, looted area businesses, burned down a convenience store.
        
        Police agencies then deployed armored vehicles and canines. Protesters ignored police orders, which resulted in the use of smoke canisters to disperse the crowds. Most protesters left, some still stayed
        
        Protests became more peaceful during the day with more people attending. The protests became increasingly more hectic at night (vandalism, looting, firing guns). Once protests became violent, police resulted again to the use of aggressive tactics.
        
        Aggressive police response in Ferguson resulted in many civil rights lawsuits. Protesters were claiming police used discriminating behavior.
        
        Police also accused of interfering with professional journalists covering the demonstrations. 24 journalists were arrested from Aug-Nov. Evidence of officers using force against journalists surfaced.
        
        Federal judge issued preliminary injunctions permanently prohibiting each agency from interfering with journalists at the demonstration after the plaintiff alleged that police were violating the agreement and obstructing freedom of the press.
    - - On Nov 24, 2014, County prosecutor, Robert McCulloch, announced that grand jury decided to not indict Darren Wilson. Which triggered a new wave of intense rioting and looting
        
        Protests became nationwide because of this decision and also the murders of Eric Garner (selling loose cigarettes) and Tamir Rice (holding a toy gun).
        
        These cases, among the case of Trayvon Martin, escalated the rapid growth of the Black Lives Matter movement.
        
        Barack Obama signed an Executive Order in December 2014 establishing the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing
        
        Philosophical foundation of the Task Force as building trust between police and citizens
        
        The Task Force worked quickly, soliciting testimony from a variety of experts and other stakeholders from across the nation.
        
        Identified the best means to provide an effective partnership between law enforcement and local communities that reduces crime and increases trust.
        
        Part of Task Force focused in part on policing protests
- - - - Heavy-handed police response was addressed by 4 commissions
        
        The Kerner Commission
        
        The Eisenhower Commission
        
        The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
        
        The Scranton Commission
    - - Focus on negotiation with protesters to minimize conflict and reduce need to use force. Successful because it reduced the frequency of conflict between police and protesters.
    - - This approached resembles escalated force, though strategic incapacitation involves more militaristic motives
    - - Command and Control Model
        
        "Soft hat" approach. Based on the view that protests are inherently disorderly and must therefore be tightly controlled to avoid more serious problems. Consistent with "broken windows" style of policing to protests
      - Miami Model
        
        "Hard hat" approach. Officers are deployed in full riot gear Characterized by an aggressive, militarized approach to protest control. Relies on riot control techniques under riots, looting, and violence
        
        heavy use of less lethal weaponry
        
        surveillance of protest organizations
        
        no protest zones
        
        negative advance publicity by city officials of protest groups
        
        preemptive arrests
        
        preventive detentions
        
        extensive restrictions on protest timing and locations
- - - - quality of treatment
      - quality of decision making
    - - focuses on importance of relationship between procedural justice and legitimacy and serves and an alternative to deterrence theory
      - suggests that by behaving in a fair and respectful manner during interactions with citizens, police officers can enhance the perceived legitimacy of the police and the law, which influences people's decisions to obey the law and legal authorities
  - - - Gustave Le Bon: argues that crowds take on a life of their own, quite different from the individuals that comprise them. individuals within a crowd begin to lose their individual identities and the capacity for individual decision-making as they become mesmerized by the magnetic and irresistible influence of the crowd.
    - - based on the idea that people's social identities are associated with the contexts in which they are embedded and the groups with which they associate. "the way in which people understand how they are positioned relative to others."
    - - allows for the possibility of temporary shifts in people's social identity as a result of the location or situation in which they find themselves. provides powerful framework for understanding crowd psychology and crowd conflict.