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NEW DIRECTIONS IN PROTEST POLICING (A NEW VISION FOR THE FUTURE OF PROTEST…

- - - - use force against protesters as a last resort
      - use of "kettling" endangers protesters, which causes an undue burden on those who may have not broken the law yet
      - Limited use of arrest as this tactic is unnecessary in most cases
    - - Use graded response here if crowd does get out of control, equipment necessary is staged nearby but out of sight to protect police officers
- - - - Process based model of regulation
        people comply with the law to avoid punishment
  - - - Social Identity theory
        your social identity is influenced by the group you are in and your surroundings
        
        elaborated social identity model
        allows for the temporary shift in a persons social identity as a result of their location or situation
- - - - Police negotiate with protesters ahead of time to minimize conflict and reduce the need to use force. Police respect and even help facilitate the First Amendment rights of protesters.
      - Late 1990's-2000's: Strategic incapacitation
        
        Characterized by a sense of disrespect for the exercise of First Amendment rights, an intolerance for community disruption, an unwillingness to communicate or negotiate with protesters, the use of arrests and force as primary methods for controlling protests, intensified efforts to control access to space, surveillance of protesters, and greater information sharing between law enforcement agencies.
        
        Split into two categories:
        
        Miami model
        
        "Hard hat approach". Characterized by an aggressive, militarized approach to protest control, including “the creation of no protest zones, heavy use of less lethal weaponry, surveillance of protest organizations, negative advance publicity by city officials of protest groups, preemptive arrests, preventive detentions, and extensive restrictions on protest timing and locations.”150 It is referred to as the “hard hat” approach because it involves deploying officers in full riot gear.
        
        "Command and Control" model
        
        "Soft hat approach". Emphasizes “the micromanagement of all aspects of demonstrations” including the use of very restrictive permitting processes; intense efforts to control public space through the use of barricades, police lines, and other mechanisms to surround, subdivide, and direct the flow of protesters; and “a willingness to use force against even minor violations of the law.”