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ODM (Induction (UNHCR & INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION (UN General…

- - - - UNHCR
        
        its is govern by EXCOM for program and budget. it also provides guidance on international protection
        
        ECOSOC provide policy directives
        
        UN General Assembley provides policy directives to UNHCR
  - - - unaccompanied or separted children in need of protection but who do not recieve proper support often cannot apply for asylum. Governments, UNHCR , and its partners must take proactive step to identify such people at an early stage and provide them with an opportunity to seek safety
      - Rejected asylum seekers
        
        if by goverment only UNHCR UNDERS its own mandate or take other steps to ensure they are protected
    - - The 1951 convention defines the term refugee as person who has foundde fear of persection for one or more of five reasaons
        
        Race
        
        Religion
        
        Nationality
        
        Membership of a particular socail group
        
        Political opinion
      - The 1951 refugee convention has been built upon by regional instruments such as the OAU convention governing the specific aspects of refugees problems in Africa (1969) as well as by the cartagena declartion on refugges 1984 in latin america
      - Exclsion form internation refugee protection
        
        Refugees under the protection of a united nations agency other than UNHCR
        
        Refugees who are treated by a country of residence as though they were nationals of that country
        
        People who have participated in war crimes, crimes against humanity and crimes against peace , similarly if they have committed serious non-political crimes or acted against the proses
      - Mandate
        
        Persons who meet teh criteria of the refugee defninition contained in 1951
        
        persons outside their country of origin who are unable to return woing to serious and indiscrimnate threats to life , physical integrity or freedom resulting from generalized violence or events seriously distrubtin publlic order
      - status determination
        
        individual
        
        Group ( prima facie basis)
    - - A stateless person can also be refugee
      - A stateless person is one who is not considered to be a nation al by any state under its laws
      - not all refugees are stateless persons
    - - uprooted within their own contry
      - 1998 UN
      - since 1972 UNHCR
  - - - 1951 was strengthened by a 1967 protocol
      - 1951
        
        Principles
        
        refugees should not be returned to a country where they are at risk of being persecuted . this is the pricple of non refoulement
        
        Refugees can only be expelled from a country of asylum if their presence is a serious threat to national security or public order
        
        There should be no discrimination in the protec5tion offered to womne, men , girls and boys because of their race, religion natinality or gender.
        
        Refugees should not be penlized for entering or being present i a country illegally as long as they make their presence known to the authorites with out delay
        
        since protectiong refugees is a humanitrain activity it should not become a cause of tension between countries
        
        Goverments should cooperate with UNHCR in protecting refugees
        
        International cooperation is essential
      - Regional proteciton
        
        1969 OAU CONVETION
        
        1984 Cartagena declaration
    - - protect civillian in war areas
  - - - lack of documentaiton
      - Non-refolement
    - - information on POC should remain up to date , individual identity documents should be issued as soon as possilbe
    - - lega l sefty
      - Physical security
      - Material security
      - religious and cultural security
    - - the situation of the asylum seeker, refugee or the internally dispolaced is monitored
      - Asylum -seeker and refugees are portected against refoulment
      - All uprooed people have equal access to assistance
      - Family reunification is facilitated
      - Persons who are ate risk and /or who have specific needs are identified and supported
      - Refugees can access a durable solution in a timily manner