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High/Low fertility (Definitions (Old dependents (Anyone over the age of 65…
High/Low fertility
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Definitions
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Ageing population
A rise in the median age of the population usually associated with an increase in the proportion of old dependents.
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Young Population
Causes
High birthrate due to;
- lack of family planning
- No education
- High infant mortality
- Primary based economy
- No care for old dependents from government
- Immigration of young dependents
- Tradition and status of large families
Solutions
- Anti-natalist policy (China)
- Increased immigration of economically active
- Reduced birth rates (family planning, contraception, etc.)
- Greater care of old dependents (less children needed to care for elderly)
- Immigration quotas
Problems
- Cost of childcare and education
- Increased dependency ratio
- Increased cost of child benefits paid by the government
- Cost of healthcare (midwives, health visitors, etc.)
Advantages
- Lower death rates so less money spent on care homes/hospitals
- Abundance of future workers
- Strong military in the future
- Large future market (young people are often interested in consumer goods)
Ageing Population
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Problems
- Shortage of economically active
- Reduced taxation income for the government
- Cost of providing healthcare and care homes
- Reduced spending on education, policing, transport
- Cost of paying for pensions
- Service decline (schools, sports centres, etc.)
Solutions
- Pro-natalist policies (Singapore)
- Increased immigration of economically active
- Increased retirement age
- Private healthcare
- Increased taxes of economically active
Advantages
- Elderly people have a lot of experience and can be valuable in the workplace
- Less money spent on schooling and natal medical care
- Lower crime rates and less money needed to be spent on policing
- Elderly workers will not take maternity or paternity leave
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