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Animal and Vet Biology - Wk 7 -Lecture 2 (Verterbra (Different regions…
Animal and Vet Biology - Wk 7 -Lecture 2
Mammalian skeleton
Framework of hard structures which protect ans support the soft tissues
Usually refers to the bones and cartilages, but could also include ligaments
Post-cranial
Axial skeleton - vertebral column, ribs and sternum
Appendicular skeleton - bones of the limbs ans pelvci and pectoral girdles
Splanchnic skeleton - bones developed in soft tissues, like
os penis
in dog, and
os cordis
in the heart of ox of sheep
Vertebral column
consists of he vertebrae
Body regions
Cervical (neck)
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Caudal (Tail)
Verterbral formula
e.g. C7, T13, L7, Ca20 for the dog)
Verterbra
Body = centrum cylindrical mass
Arch = two lateral halves
Processes
Articular processes
spinous process
transverse process
mamillary process
Articulation = between adjacent centra and also between the cranial and caudal articular processes on the neutral arch
Different regions
Cervical
Nearest to skull
Atlas and axis are unique to allow movement of the skull
Atlas has broad "wings" and the axis a large spinous to allow for muscle attachment
Thoracic
All have long spinous processes which pointcaudally
Then they point cranial = for attachment to ribs
Lumbra
Long cranially pointing transverse processes for muscle attachment
Sacrum
large wedge shaped vertebra at the inferior end of the spine
fusion of 3 vertebrae = needs to withstand locomotion power
Caudal
Show reduction in the size, The bones of the tail, which articulate with the sacral vertebrae.
long and narrow
small processes
hemal archs
Orientation of a Vertebra
Centrum is always ventral
Cranial - centrum is convex, cranial articular processes dorsal
Caudal - centrum is concave, caudal processes point ventral
Ribs and Sternum
Ribs
paired curved bones, which form the skeleton of thoroacic wall
Sternal = articulate with the sternum by the coastal cartilage
Asternal = do not articulate directly with the sternum, fuse together with sternal
Floating rib = buried in muscle no connection to sternum
last third of rib made of costal cartlidge
costal = ribs
Sternum
composed of a 6-8 sternabra, unpaired bones fused
runs down middle of chest
ends with xiphoid cartilage
Limb bones
All tetrapods have pentadactyl limbs
5 fingers/toes limbs
Have long limb bones
Horse
Quadrapeds (forelimbs)
Thoracic
Scapula
Humerus
Joins with scapula to gve shoulder joint
Radius and Ulna
Connected to humerus
Carpal
Wrist
Below radius and ulna
Metacarpals
attached to phalanges and carpal
Pelvic Limb
Pentadactyl pattern as in forelimb
solidly joined directly to vertebral column via pelvis
Pelvic girdle (pelvis)
Femur
Upper part of leg
Tibia and Fibula
Lower part of leg
tibia - bog, fibula = small
Tarsals
Talus = main weighting bearing
Calcaneus
Centrale
Metatarsals and Digits
Mammalian Skull
Cranial Bones
Occipital bone
broady triangular
muscles attached
Faramen Magnum
exit for spinal cord
Spenoid bone
bones that form underside of skull
Extends up on side of the skull
Pterygoid
forms thin bony ridges
thin wing like
Frontal bone
whole "forehead"
contains frontal sinuses (holes)
contains sinuses
Parietal bone
sits top of head
protects brains
Sagittal crest= come between this bone creating crest
Temporal Bone
Squamous
flat and conects to zygomatic arch
Tympanic
Houses middle ear
bulbous bit on skull
Petrosal
surrounds inner ear
Can't see from outside
Facial Bones
Nasal Cavity
Maxilla bone
Cheekbones, make up most of hard pallet underneath
Incisive bone
attached to incisor teeth
rostral part of nasal cavity
Nasal bones - dorsal part of nasal cavity
Hard Pallet
made up of maxilla bone mainly
Palatine bone, make up rest of palate
Lacramal bones
naso lacramal duct contained here
connection between eyes and nose, medial corner of eye
Zygomatic bones
Arches (similiar to cheeks
sits directly underneath eyeball
protective function
Joints = most are sutures (small, tightly held joints)
only two moveable
lower jaw
ridge above adam's apple
Mandibles
stretch mandible (snakes)
likely that whales can stretch there mandibulus symphasis
lower teeth housed here
