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Concept Map Statistics (Principles of Experiment Design (Replication…
Concept Map Statistics
Errors
Non-Sampling Error
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Non-response
When participants don't respond causing varied answers based on the group of people that feel strongly enough to one side to respond.
Ex. There is a mil survey asking how much you workout the people that workout avidly respond while those who do not workout do not respond.
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Bias
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Definition
Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.
Direction
Change the wording or how a survey is given out to change one's opinion and lead them towards a certain decision
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Good Sampling Techniques
Stratified SRS
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Adv: This allows even number of subsets taken from all the groups created allowing no problem in the case of favorite class based on grade. There is an even number of sample taken from each group
Dis: When there is not a specific group to place each subsets thus not allowing even sample of each group
Clustered Sampling
Subsets are put into groups much like stratified SRS but when samples are taken entire groups are taken instead of subsets from each group.
Adv: It is cost efficient and time efficient, it allows quick samples to be taken and collected across a wide group of samples.
Dis: If the groups are not even throughout it can create a bias and it is not very precise. if one wanted a sample from each group they would not want to use this because its sample spaces are only from smaller entire groups of subsets.
SRS
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Dis: Can create favored group of subsets based on randomness of selection. Ex. taking count of students favorite class based upon grade and in a SRS it takes mainly seniors thus creating an unequal amount of each group of subsets
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Experiments
A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact. Most contain a control and a test group
Experiment vocab
Experimental units
A physical bieng assigned to a group also known as the subject these things are the ones an experiment is bieng applied to.
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Ex. A test is conducted to determine the effect on the growth of sunflowers given the amount of sunlight per day. the experimental units are the sunflowers, the response variables are the inches grown per day. the factor is the amount of sunlight given . A treatment would be to add another factor such as the amount of water added per day as well.
Observation studies
Assumptions are taken from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints
Lurking variable can cause misleading results in a observational study because based on the variables one is comparing there can be a separate variable that controls both of those Ex. When the rates of firewood increase so do the purchase rates of hot chocolate increase. but this doesn't mean firewood controls the rates of hot chocolate, the more reasonable assumption is the cold weather causing an increase in both.
In a study to determine the effects between smoking cigarettes and lung cancer it would be unethical to have people chain smoke cigarettes so a observational study must be used.
In a study to determine the effect of excess sunlight on potatoes one would have a control group to analyze the effect of regular sunlight to the excess so this would be a experiments due to having control over the study .
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Experiment
Randomly select 24 plants using a random number generator selecting any 001-100 no repeats including 000
