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Organic Chemistry (Alcohols (Alcohols are a family of organic (carbon…
Organic Chemistry
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Fractional Distillation
What is crude oil a mixture of? Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons made from the remains of small plants and animals that died and fell to the bottom of the sea. This therefore will be covered in mud, this will turn into rock as the temperature and pressure increases when sediments are layering each others.
Hydrocarbons condense at different temperatures because hydrocarbons evaporate at different temperature because of the number of carbon in a hydrocarbons mixture.
Name, boiling range, uses and length of each fractiions
LPG, -42 degrees,
heating appliances, cooking equipment and vehicles and length of chain is 1-4
Petrol (gasoline), 20-60 degrees,
internal combustion engine for vehicles, 5-10 length chain
Kerosene (paraffin), 180-260 degrees, cooking and power jet or rockets and length of chain is 10-16
Naphtha, 60-180 degrees, use in petrol, 8-10
Gas oil (diesel), 260-340 degrees, power vehicles and length of chain is 14-20
Mineral Oil (lubricating oil), 370-600, lubricate objects, 20-50
Fuel OIl, >330, fuel for ships and power stations and length of chain is 20-70
Bitumen, 150, lay roads and length of chain is >70
Alkanes/Alkenes
Alkanes is a series of saturated of hydrocarbons including methane, ethane, propane and higher members, methane contains 1 carbon and 4 hydrogens because the equations is CnH2n+2 in which C is carbon and H is Hydrogen. And the list goes on.
Alkenes is a series of unsaturated of hydrocarbons which contains a double bond and the general formula is CnH2n.
Cracking
Cracking allows large hydrocarbon molecules to be broken down into smaller, more useful hydrocarbon molecules. Fractions containing large hydrocarbon molecules are vaporized and passed over a hot catalyst. This breaks chemical bonds in the molecules, and forms smaller hydrocarbon molecules.
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Combustion
Incomplete combustion
Incomplete combustion occurs when the supply of air or oxygen is poor. Water is still produced, but carbon monoxide and carbon are produced instead of carbon dioxide. The general formula for incomplete combustion is: hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon monoxide + carbon + water.
Complete Combustion is when the supply of oxygen is enough. Water is produced as well as carbon dioxide. The general formula is: hydrocarbon + oxygen=carbon dioxide + water
Test for Saturation
Alkene is a series of unsaturated hydrocarbons which means it is not full therefore, you can still add more hydrocarbons. We did a test on, alkane is a colourless fluid because it is saturated however alkene is not therefore adding more bromine will separate the double bond into 2 separate bonds which will make space for 2 bromine particle which will saturate the solution turning it colourless.