•Neoplasms: intraluminal, extraluminal.
•Infections: diverticular disease, intra-abdominal abscess, parasitic infections.
•Foreign bodies: bezoar, ingested foreign body.[3]
•Miscellaneous: adhesions, endometriosis, pregnancy, strangulated hernia, volvulus, intussusception, gallstones, faecalith/meconium ileus, haematoma, pneumatosis intestinalis (pneumatosis coli), superior mesenteric artery syndrome, annular pancreas, Hirschsprung's disease, stenosis (radiation, surgical anastomosis site, Crohn's disease, tuberculous), constipation