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An Overview of Indigenous Education: What to Understand and How to be an…
An Overview of Indigenous Education:
What to Understand and How to be an Advocate
Indigenous Peoples of Canada
Métis
Mixed Heritage / Métissage
Indigenous
European
Involved in the Fur Trade
Interpreters / Translators
Supplying Provisions
Guides
Michif
Mixture of...
Cree
French
English
Ojibwa
Northwest Rebellion
Louis Riel
Red River Settlement
Defined as Aboriginal Under the Constitution Act
First Nations
Recognized as "Indian" Under Indian Act
Inuit
Arctic Regions
Adapted to Harsh Weather Conditions
Nomadic
Seasonal Moves
Food Provisions
Camps
Igloos
Shamanism
Animism
Defined as Aboriginal Under the Constitution Act
Vancouver Island
Traditional Indigenous Education
Holistic / Experiential / Context Embedded
Environmentally Responsive
Interdependence on the Natural World
Reliance on Natural Resources
Respectful of the Environment
Resistance to Pipelines
Requires Adaptability / Problem-Solving
Survival Skills
Transmission through...
Indigenous Languages
Rich Oral Traditions
Worldview / Philosophy
Traditions / Ceremonies / Practices
Cultural and Spiritual Knowledge
Relationships and Communication
Importance of Family
Children are Highly Valued
Generations
Knowledge Passed Down
Joy of Teaching Young
Rewarding to see them Grow
Traditional Gender Roles
Females
Domestic Responsibilities
Child Bearing
Males
Providing
Hunting
Gathering
Community Involvement
Reciprocal Relationships
Each Member Contributes
Elders
Respected in Community
Valuable Knowledge
Stories
Traditions and Practices
Socialization
Lifelong Learning
Unique Learning Journey for each Individual
Historical Wrongs
Douglas Treaties
Established in 1850
Sir James Douglas
Aggressive Land Acquisition
Dissolved Concept of Indigenous Land Rights
Indian Act
Established in 1876
Ongoing Today
Dictates Most Aspects of Indigenous Lives
Status
Blood Percentage Restrictions
Artificial Labels and Distinctions
Loss of Status prior to 1985
Marriage to Non-Status Men
Enfranchisement
Voting Rights
Reservations
Relocation
Indian Agents Enforced Laws
Restricted Movement
Potlatch Law
Banned in 1885
White Paper
Issued in 1969
Pierre Trudeau and Jean Chrétien
Aimed to Abolish Indian Act
Attempt at Further Assimilation
Indian Residential School System
Cultural Genocide
Loss of...
Language
Forced to Speak English or French
Culture
Hair Cut off
Traditions Banned
Eurocentric Clothing
Family
Lack of Care and Affection
Loss of Parenting Skills for Future
Disconnected from Home & Community
Some Children were never Reconnected
Dignity
Opressed
Feeling Worthless
Identity
Indoctrination
Forced Religion
Christianity
Catholocism
Convinced that...
White's were Superior
They were "Uncivilized Indians"
They were worthless
Longterm Effects
Psychological Damage
Pain
Suicide
Substance Abuse
Alcoholism
Drug Addiction
Grief
Lack of Parenting Skills
Loss of Children
Inhumane Conditions
Illness
Death
Abuse
Sexual
Rape
Physical
Corporal Punishment
Solitary Confinement
Verbal
Malnourishment
Lack of Food and Water
Sixties Scoop
Indigenous Children Removed from Families
Without Notice
Placed...
in Foster Care
Up for Adoption
Many did not return home
Loss of...
Family
Identity
Language
Culture
Foster/Adoptive Parents
Some abused the children
Slave Labour
Physical or Sexual Abuse
Malnourished
Many did not understand they were doing wrong
Later Experienced Guilt
Some Children Later Wonder about their True Motives
Social Workers
Some received financial compensation for each child
"White Saviours"
Lack of Understanding
Traditional Parenting
Differences between Western ways appeared insufficient
"Empty Cupboards"
Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
Lack of Police Attention
Not Fully Investigated
Many Cases Remain Unsolved
Hundreds of girls and women
Highway of Tears
Continuing Impacts
Psychological Damage
Pain
Suicide
Mental Illness
Grief
Addiction
Alcoholism
Substance Abuse
Violence
Abuse
Loss of Parenting Skills
Children in Care
Racism
Lack of Privilege
Poverty
Low Levels of Education
Housing
Stereotypes
Ignorance
Broken Trust Between White and Indigenous
Indigenous Resistance
Native Brotherhood
Founded in 1931
Red Paper
Issued in 1970
Harold Cardinal
Calder Case
1973
Oka Crisis
1990
Brought Attention to Land Ownership
Pipelines
Trans Canada's Energy East
Kinder Morgan's Trans Mountain Expansion
Enbridge
Line 3
Northern Gateway
Assembly of First Nations
Founded in 1982
Reparation Efforts
Steven Harper's "Apology"
2008
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
Response to the Indian Residential School System
Goals...
Acknowledge Impacts and Consequences
Provide Healing to Survivors
Promote Awareness
Create Historical Record
BC Ministry of Education
Church Apologies
United Church of Canada
1986
Anglican Church of Canada
1993
Presbyterian Church in Canada
1994
Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
2001
BC Ministry of Education
Courses
First People's English
BC First Peoples
Contemporary Indigenous Studies
Indigenous Languages
Hul'q''umi'num
Aboriginal Education Enhancement Agreements
Local Context
Created through Collaboration
School District
Indigenous Community Members
Aims...
to Improve Education Quality for Indigenous Students
to Promote the Learning of Indigenous Content
to Encourage Collaboration between School and Community
First People's Principles of Learning
Inclusion of Indigenous Content
Requirement in Curriculum
French
“recognize that language and culture have been influenced by interactions between First Peoples and Francophone communities in Canada.”
Art
“explore Aboriginal perspectives and knowledge, other ways of knowing, and local culture to gain understanding through artistic works.“
My Role as an Educator
Eradicate Racism
Break Down Stereotypes
Respond Immediately to any Bigotry or Bullying
Act as a Role Model
Be an Advocate for...
Equality
Acknowledge Inequities
Privilege
Indigenous Rights
Justice
In the Classroom...
Promote Empathy
Build Relationships
Indigenize Content
Create Authenticity
Use Local Resources When Available
Experiential Learning
Get Out of the Classroom
Use the Environment
Field Trips
Embedded within Lessons
Truth and Reconcilliation
Educate Students about Historical Wrongs
Truth and Honesty
Provide Support
Differentiation of Instruction
Provide Alternatives
Assessment
Ways to Exhibit Learning
Fulfill Students' Needs
Maslow's Hierarchy
Attempt to Decolonize Practice
Value not only Western Ways of Knowing
Acknowledge Traditional Territory
Definitions
Indigenization
Learning or reframing knowledge within Indigenous perspectives and principles rather than the dominant Western lens.
Decolonization
The withdrawal from its former colonies of a colonial power; the acquisition of political or economic independence by such colonies.
Difficult to Attain
Two-Eyed Seeing
Keeping one eye on Indigenous ways of knowing and the other on mainstream (Western) ways of knowing, and valuing & supporting them both.