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cultural + ethical considerations in diagnosis (22) (culture-bound…
cultural + ethical considerations in diagnosis (22)
introduction
not certain the diagnosis is reliable / valid
significant negative effects of diagnosis on individual's treatment by others
2 key problems with this:
labelling theory demonstrated by
Caetano (1973)
shows once diagnosis is made it tends to stick
conclusion
further investigation into this area will elicit a deeper sense of its politics + controversy
number of different cultural + ethical considerations when diagnosing disorders
social implications
92% of ppl in UK are afraid to admit mental illness incase is damages their career - result of stigma
more than 50% would rather not hire someone they know has mental illness
many employers ask ppl to declare any mental illness history
Read et al. (2007) - increases reluctance to enter into relationship with them
Sato (2006) - schizophrenia renamed in Japan because there was such stigma that less than 40% of patients were being informed of their diagnosis
personal implications
eg. person diagnosed with depression + made aware of symptoms will accept + foster their symptoms by indulging in them + therefore worsens them
diagnosis can be part of a self-fulfilling prophecy
unnecessary treatment
women = more likely to be diagnosed with depression
Morgan et al. (2006) - diagnosis of afro-carribeans = 9 times higher + black africans = 6 times higher in UK than white British
reflected in wildly different rates of diagnosis / treatments of schizophrenia / depression between genders + ethnic groups
this isn't genetic differences, but rather diagnostic biases
uses diagnosis + institutionalisation instead of attempting to understand
suggests diagnostic criteria for depression = description of norm. female responses to social pressures
exclusion of those perceived as different
precaution of those with suicidal thoughts - potential danger to individual = incentive to over diagnose
culture-bound syndromes
existence of labels for disorder might affect likelihood of person developing the symptoms
Levav et al. (1997)
must be asked whether DSM criteria are valid beyond culture created in
examined possible role of culture
different parts of world + different ethnic groups explain behaviour differently
statistical analysis of data from 2 cities in US
compared rates of depression + alcoholism across various religious groups
Jewish males = more likely diagnosed with depression + less likely alcoholism
implication = underlying issue manifest itself differently depending on cultural traditions + expectations
few practitioners = members of ethnic minorities
can't offer insights into patients' problems
Read et al. (2004)
demonstrated misdiagnosis + misunderstandings from using European diagnostic system in New Zealand