Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Confrontation and Co-operation c1963-72 (Pressures on the USSR (Khrushchev…
Confrontation and Co-operation c1963-72
Vietnam
:flag-vn:
Nixon's policy in Vietnam
Nixon (January 1969) and Vietnam
'I'm not going to end up like LBJ. I'm going to stop that war fast'
Peace with honour
Wanted South Vietnam to remain non-communist and independent
Vietnamisation
Withdrawal of US forces and replacement with South Vietnam troops
Nixon hoped to strengthen negotiation position
Dual intent to show North that South was secure against any threat and to show the USA were willing to withdraw
Still excessive bombing campaign and funding to South Vietnamese army
ARVN increased from 82,000 in 1968 to one million by 1970
Impact of Vietnamisation
Spring Offensive of 1972, 8,000 casualties, North 5x this
Operation Linebacker 1, 150,000 tons of bombs dropped on North during May to October
Appeared to be effective fighting force
ARVN morale low, relatively high casualty rate. Had to now assume Primary role instead of USA. Corrupt leaders. Modern weaponry and equipment was a façade
Laos
ARVN forced to withdraw as faced North Vietnamese force, showed weaknesses of leadership and corrupt Thieu
Thieu had ordered them to stop when reached 3,000 casualties so couldn't advance, got halfway to target before retreating
Supported South Vietnamese (30,000) invasion with US air support
Very slim chances of defeating North Vietnam even with US air support
Operation Lam Son 719 in February 1971
Failing 'peace with honour'
Disable Ho Chi Minh trial through Laos
Cambodia
Khmer Rouge lead by Pol Pot backed by communists took control
April 1970, US commit 20,000 troops
March 1970 pro-US General Lon Nol comes to power
Lots of jungle destroyed and Vietcong equipment destroyed
No strategic gains
March 1969 Nixon instigated a military offensive on Cambodia
Operation Menu to sever supply lines on Ho Chi Minh trial, pressure North Vietnam into agreeing peace settlement and retain confidence in South Vietnam, for Vietnamisation
June the US Senate voted to remove the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Opposition at home, press described it as 'incursion'
Johnson's Policy in Vietnam
Gulf of Tonkin August 1964
Response to communist aggression
North Vietnamese attacked two US ship (Maddox + Turner Joy)
Historians question whether both incidents actually happened and whether Maddox, collecting intelligence, was deliberately provocative
Suggestion of a pre-existing plan by the US to escalate
Johnson persuaded Congress to pass a resolution allowing him to 'take any necessary steps', including military force, to assist S. Vietnam.
Congress passed the resolution with 88 in favour 2 against
The Tet Offensive
January 1968
This broke the normal truce observed during the Tet festival
The Viet Cong and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) attacked cities, m8ilitary installations and the US embassy
Took 3 weeks for the AVRN and the US troops to remove communist forces from Saigon
Johnson becomes president in Nov 1963, his primary aim in Vietnam was to achieve a quick victory without the need to commit to the USA to a major escalation of its role in Vietnam
OPLANE34A
January 1964
Strategy based on covert action ,'progressively escalating pressure...to inflict increasing punishment upon North Vietnam'
Included Naval sabotage operations
Johnson was not committed to negotiating a resolution yet he did continue with Kennedy's approach by increasing the number of military 'advisers' from 16,300 to 23,300
He stuck to the counterinsurgency strategy favoured by Kennedy, this meant he used tactics that are used to defeat guerrilla or unconventional warfare, they focus on intelligence gathering, targeting individual leaders, and methods aimed at infiltrating the enemy rather than confronting it head-on
Pressures on the USSR
Khrushchev
Called him a revisionist
They said he allowed a differentiation within Communism
Chinese communism wanted a more orthodox approach
Faced opposition from Mao Zedong
Brezhnev
When he came to power, wanted to reassert Soviet Union as leader of the communist world
Dissent was to be repressed within the USSR and Eastern Europe
1964-1968- movements in Eastern Europe demanding change in leadership
Continuing economic deprivation and lack of consumer goods led the working classes to join dissent of political elite
Khrushchev failed to improve living standards and availability of consumer goods
Left him vulnerable after 1962
When he was absent from the Kremlin for 5 months, Party leaders planned his removal
Khrushchev accepted this removal- cited poor health and age for the reasons that he left
Crisis in Czechoslovakia
1963- negative growth was recorded with the economy
Ota Sik
, an influential Czechoslovakian economist proposed reforms
An end to centrally planned economic targets for the whole country
Allowing individual enterprises to function
A Communist Party that would be responsive to public opinion
The existence of consumer rights
The workforce having more power- e.g workers could replace factory managers
1966-Sik argued that political reform was the only way for economic improvements to take place
Arguments were popular with intellectuals and students, then the wider public
Soviet Union felt that changes had to take place in leadership to maintain a communist government
Alexander Dubcek- charismatic advocate of political reform
Appointed to leader of Czechoslovak Communist Party
'true invigoration and unification of all constructive and progressive forces in our Republic'
Began to replace key officials with those who wanted reform
Eliminated press censorship
Growing student discontent in Poland
'Poland awaits her own Dubcek'
April 1968- announced Action Programme
Stated Communist Party's determination to achieve socialism according to a distinct Czechoslovak path
Government needed to allow: basic freedoms of speech, press and movement
Freedom of economic enterprises to make decisions based on consumer demand rather than government targets
Increased right to autonomy for repressed Slovak minority
Ended all press censorship
planned to open borders with the West
began a discussion on trade agreements with West Germany
Dubcek said that he was only implementing liberalism within the framework of the Communist Party
Warsaw Pact countries carried out military exercises in Czechoslovakia in late June 1968
The Soviets hoped to provoke a split between Communist Party in Czechoslovakia and pro- Soviet groups
Did not work- thousands of Czechoslovaks demonstrated on the streets of Prague in late 1968
Soviets found it difficult to find members of the Czechoslovak Communist Party willing to take control of the regime
Invaded Czechoslovakia on 20 August 1968
Dubcek remained in power since April 1969
New government led by Gustav Husak conformed to Soviets- he remained in power until the collapse of communism in 1989
Dependent on the continued Soviet military presence to retain its power
Red Army remained in Czechoslovakia until 1990
Brezhnev Doctrine
The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet foreign policy which called for the use of Warsaw Pact (but Russian-dominated) troops to intervene in any Eastern Bloc nation which was seen to compromise communist rule and Soviet domination.
CHINA
:flag-cn:
Relations with the USSR
:flag-ru:
Border Clashes
1968 the Soviet Army amassed along their border with China :flag-cn:
In 1961 USSR had 12 divisions and 200 planes at that border; in 1968, there were 25 divisions, 1,200 aeroplanes, and 120 medium-range missiles.
March 1969, Sino-Russian border politics became the Sino-Soviet border conflict at the Ussuri River and on Damansky–Zhenbao Island; more small-scale warfare occurred at Tielieketi in August.
The Sino-Soviet border conflict was a seven-month undeclared military conflict between the Soviet Union and China at the height of the Sino-Soviet split in 1969. Although military clashes ceased that year, the underlying issues were not resolved until the 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement.
The border clashes nearly led to a full-scale nuclear war between China and the USSR, with the :flag-us: having to step in to stop, saying that it would result in a world-wide war.
Sino-Soviet Split
From 1960 to 1989, the Soviet and Chinese relations worsened, with several events causing this to happen.
Khrushchev openly denounced Stalin in his 'Secret Speech
1962 Relations finished - Mao criticised the USSR's actions over missile crisis. Khrushchev responded by backing India in the Sino-Indian War.
The signing on the Limited Test Ban Treaty in August 1963. Mao saw this as other nations trying to slow China's development. From 1963-64, Mao published 9 letters openly criticising every aspect of Khrushchev's leadership
The Chinese Cultural Revolution increased tensions between China and the USSR.
Nixon
1972 - Nixon visits China
'The week that change the world'
Both leaders condemned 'Soviet Imperialism'
After Nixon's visit , a joint communication was published known as the Shanghai communique
Agreed that its was in the global interest that China and the USSR worked towards a normalisation of their relationship
USA would reduce military installations on Taiwan
America did not recognise the One Child Policy
China and USA would encourage greater contract through increased trade, cultural links and travel by each nation's citizens. Trade increased from £5 million in 1972 to over £500 million within the next decade
Neither China nor the USA should seek political domination in the Asia-Pacific region
Ping Pong Diplomacy
1969 - Secret talks between USA and China
USA utilises diplomatic contacts in countries such as France to persuade China that the US were open to improve relations
Jan 1970 - Chinese and Soviet ambassadors to Poland met and sought to arrange talks
April 1970 - The Chinese and Americans play ping-pong teams met in a competition in Japan. Chinese then invited the American teams to China as a friendly gesture
Came as a result of China not wanting to be isolated due to poor relations with the Soviet Union
USA wanted a solution to its problem in Vietnam but also recognised the strategic significance of China in Asia.
Post Cuba
Moscow Test Ban Treaty
Did not include underground testing
France and China refused to sign the treaty
Signed by the USA, USSR and UK
First collective agreement establishing some limitations on the nuclear arms race
Banned nuclear testing above ground, in the sea, in the air and in space
Hot line
Set up June 1963 between the leaders of the USA and the USSR
Set up to avoid delays in communication between the superpower leaders
Symbolised a new spirit of cooperation
Both sides agreed to establish a 24 hour communiscation line between the US president and the leader of the USSR. This was intended to improve the speed of communication in the event of an emergency.
The Nuclear Non-proliferation treaty
Prior to the treaty and despite the test ban, both the USA and the USSR were embroiled in a nuclar arms race. The Soviet development of Anti-Ballistic missiles (ABM) to intercept nuclear missiles provided an impetus to conduct talks since Mutually Assured destruction was no longer an effective deterrent.
July 1968
USA developed Multiple Independent Targetable Re-entry Vehicles which enabled missiles to carry multiple war head aimed at different targets.
The costs of the arms race were spiralling out of control and China tested its first nuclear weapon in 1964.
Non-nuclear states agreed that they would not receive or develop any nuclear weapons
All parties agreed to the supervision by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Parties also agreed to collaborate in the development of peaceful nuclear technology.
The treaty was signed by most members of the UN
