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MAO ZEDONG'S CREATION OF PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 1947 (PURPOSE,…

- - - - CAUSED: first stage of Great Leap Forward from autumn 1957 to spring 1958, peasants mobilized in military style for large scale public works ---- lead to shortage of labour for the psring plating, thus shortage of food" (China under communism)
        National mobiziaiton to develope agriculture, industrial enterprises, water conservation, and land reclamation
    - - (socioeconomic plan to transform agrarian socioeconomic culture toward an industrialized one")
      - industrialization STAT Goal: double steel prduction to 10.7 in first year, 30 million in 1959, and 60milion tons in 196. Sooooo 600,000 backyard furnances, metal of all sorts was melt down.
    - - 70 million deaths
      - Party purges and imprisonment of counterbelievers
      - Catastrophic famine 30 - 40 million dead (landscapes)
      - STAT 1961, birth rate cut in half bc of malnutrition
      - Attend denunciation meetings where ppl beaten , ate collective canteen every day
      - October 1958, "Agricultural sputniks , "sputnik fields" , "to shoot sputniks" - expressions for achievement astronomical agri gains and stel production figures (forgotten voices) - PAGE
      - Gedatou, women’s teams competed with men’s teams to flatten the hillock or “bump” (geda) that had given the village its name; deep plowing, close planting, and “fertilizing” fields with dredged river sand or rubble from torn-down houses further added to the workload.
        MLA (Modern Language Assoc.)
        Brown, Jeremy and Matthew D. Johnson. Maoism at the Grassroots : Everyday Life in China's Era of High Socialism. Harvard University Press, 2015. EBSCOhost.
      - only village cadres (who were expected to wear “urban” clothing when they attended meetings) and courting or recently married couples wore factory cloth. Most other people sold their ration coupons on the black market and continued to wear tubu until the 1970s
        MLA (Modern Language Assoc.)
        Brown, Jeremy and Matthew D. Johnson. Maoism at the Grassroots : Everyday Life in China's Era of High Socialism. Harvard University Press, 2015. EBSCOhost.
      - Cotton is a labor- intensive crop at the best of times; it was especially so in Maoist China, where fields were weeded, insect pests removed, and cotton picked by hand. Because cotton yields decline rapidly after several years of cultivation, teams
        MLA (Modern Language Assoc.)
        Brown, Jeremy and Matthew D. Johnson. Maoism at the Grassroots : Everyday Life in China's Era of High Socialism. Harvard University Press, 2015. EBSCOhost.
      - STAT Average rural rations in Guanzhong dropped from around 5 square meters in he early 1950s to less than 1 square meter in the crisis years of 1960 and 1961, and then gradually rose back to about 4 square meters per year.
        MLA (Modern Language Assoc.)
        Brown, Jeremy and Matthew D. Johnson. Maoism at the Grassroots : Everyday Life in China's Era of High Socialism. Harvard University Press, 2015. EBSCOhost.
      - "Backyard" blast furnacnes to bolster steel production
        "Luxury items like pots, pans, eating utensils are melted down"
      - Massive communes replace the family. Personal plots and livestock are banned. Meals taken communally. Even sleep is rationed at six hours every two days
        http://www.china-mike.com/chinese-history-timeline/part-14-mao-zedong/
      - Private possessions collected
        Pots/pans smleted for steel
        Houses burned down for fertilizer
        Graveyard make way for communal farmland
        Mother's sewing needles & diapers confiscteed
        (Forgotten voices)
      - Widespread problem of opium use
        human trafficing
        Jan 1958, Xie's order, local govt enganged 90% of local population to work on water conservation, fully 10 mill hectares of land within one year
        but... hundrd of thousands farms in yunnan worked more than 10 hours, all night long,, exhasuting tasks, insufficeint food ----> malnutirtion related edema ----> local carre who report incidens was denounced for undermining GLF, thus, no one knew
        ((FORGOTTEN VOICES)
      - 1961, So called Sixty ARticles ("work regulations on rural communes) in 1961, private plots were reintroduced, production teams again based on family and village structure
        Eating bittern
    - - QUOTE
        
        Ms. Yang sad "He's become like a god to us, she said of Mao. "He won the world for the people" even though her parents died due to starvation Mao came into the picture as the new power who ultimately ended slavery, new god who oversaw their fortune. In reality, misfortune" Email 7 of 17
        
        "From the first day of my schooling... "I love you chariman Mao, not i love you mama or papa" Xu Jian, 1966
      - VIEWS
        
        With its large infrastructural campaigns, further intensified labor demands. (Grassroots)
        
        OPPOSING:
        There hasbeen a continuous debate about the death toll of the resulting famine,with scholarly estimates ranging from 18 million to about 30 milliondeaths, but with recent estimates by an e-media participant as low as200,000. So the claim by Chang and Halliday (2005) that Mao murdered38 million people, and other claims that he was only partially responsi-ble and that the death tolls were much smaller, need to be reconsidered.There are now so many different interpretations of the Great LeapForward and Mao’s part in it that they need to be re-evaluated..The Cultural Revolution discourse is a prime example. Formany Chinese government officials and members of the intelligentsia
        w
        
        meanwhile :
        who were dismissed from their posts and were ordered to live andwork in what was called Wu qi gan xiao (the May Seventh CadreSchool), the experience is now narrated as ‘detention in a labour camp’,and a violation of fundamental human rights. But for Mao and othersat that time, and for many even now, it was intended to create newsubjectivity. It was intended that the urban and social elite would expe-rience physical labour so that they would be able to understand andempathize with the reality of life of the majority of the people. It wasmeant to be an approach to a new way of governing and governance.The Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) official view of the CulturalRevolution, corresponding to the mainstream Chinese intelligentsiaunderstanding and interpretation, is well received and supported bythe Western media and most of the scholarly community. For example,in Thurston’s view the Cultural Revolution led to ‘loss of culture, andof spiritual values; loss of hope and ideals; loss of time, truth, and oflife; loss, in short, of nearly everything that gives meaning to life’(Thurston 1984–85: 605–6). What Thurston says here more or lesssummarizes the general evaluation of the Cultural Revolution held bythe mainstream Western political, cultural and scholarly elite. Thisquote, for instance, is cited by Lucian Pye (1986), a prominent USscholar of Chinese political culture, and by Lee (20
        MLA (Modern Language Assoc.)
        Gao, Mobo C. F. The Battle for China's past : Mao and the Cultural Revolution. Pluto Press, 2008. EBSCOhost.
        
        OPPOSING VIEWS: "Some meterologists have confirmed that the 1959 - 60 drought was the worsee since 1877 but there is contradictory.. Jack Gray writiting in 1990, cites Liu Shaoqi whos said the dister were 70% man made points out the left denied this; some sadi the flood control and irrigation with intensive labour in 1957-58 cured China under communism
        
        OPPOSING: Famines have been a periodic disaster,
        1976-79, 9 million to 20 million people died bc Norhth China Famine;
        1896 - 1900, 10 million for all famines,
        1928-30 North Chian dought 10 milion died
        (Eating bitter)
        
        National mobiziaiton to develope agriculture, industrial enterprises, water conservation, and land reclamation
- - - - Intention was to teach an ideological lesson to the officials within the CCP; so emotional humiliation was intendd, but physical violence wasn't
        (Batttle for China)
      - "collectivism - social experiment - meant to destroy the time-honour pattern of rural life"; a blow to family ideas with its historical roots and emotional attachments
    - - Traditional ways were replaced with political meetings/ discussions organized
      - Agit prop - performers toured countryside - have to attend and watch prop shows
      - Prop films - landlord abusing peasants. but is now replace with communal way of life in which peasant entered to era of happiness by Mao?
      - Red Guard factionalism didn't starte with physical violence, but debates, n small papers...
        Thousand titles of Red Guard papers press flourished (Source?) --> publicaton gave them channels for expressions
        Email 5 f 17
      - But when a team of propaganda officials arrived in Yan'an in December 1974, they were shocked to find a thriving and sophisticated black market. The country was eight years into the Cultural Revolution, a massive effort to purge Chinese society of bourgeois influences and move it closer to communist purity. But beneath the surface, something rather different was underway.
        One village had abandoned any attempt to wrest food from the arid soil, opting to specialize in selling pork instead. In order to fulfill their quota of grain deliveries to the state, the villagers used the profit from their meat business to buy back corn from the market. Local cadres, instead of enforcing the planned economy as they were supposed to, sided with the villagers and supervised the entire operation.
        (Maos' Middle Kingdom)
      - llions upon millions of villagers surreptitiously opened black markets, shared out collective assets, divided the land, and opened underground factories. Cadres were defenseless against myriad daily acts of quiet defiance and endless subterfuge, as people tried to sap the dominance of the state and replace it with their own initiative and ingenuity. These were the unintended outcomes of the Cultural Revolution.
        (mao's middle kingdom)
      - Meanwhile, millions of people were going hungry, some of them eating mud or tree bark. In Ziyang, where one inspector had come across a starving family of seven surviving in a shed in the midst of winter, the local authorities had shrugged their shoulders.
        (Mao's kingdom)
    - - "Ten year calamity for Chinese" http://www.strongwindpress.com/pdfs/ebook/The_Battle_for_Chinas_Past.pdf
      - CR is time of fanticism and blind obedience
        Email 5 of 17
      - he positive and constructive years from 1969 tothe early 1970s have been forgotten or obscured (Wang Shaoguang 2006).These positive legacies include a massive infrastructure programme,radical education reforms, innovative experimentation in literature andthe arts, expansion of healthcare and education in rural areas, and rapiddevelopment of rural enterprises. The Cultural Revolution involvedmany millions of people who willingly participated in what they saw asa movement to better Chinese society and humanity in general. A wholerange of ideas and issues from politics to education and healthcare, from literature and the arts to industrial and agricultural policies wereexamined, tried and tested.
        MLA (Modern Language Assoc.)
        Gao, Mobo C. F. The Battle for China's past : Mao and the Cultural Revolution. Pluto Press, 2008. EBSCOhost.
- - - - Had experienced on land redistribution before - Jiangxi Soviet Periods 1929 - 35; ruthless campaign, killed many landlords - testing policiies by mirrior procedures successful USSR... 1937/45 land redistribtion replaced by damnds for reducation of land rent/loans/ and interest
        Increased production to support the war effort became a key part of their agrarian policies.
        (China: A modern Hist)
    - - Landlords publicly criticize/ humilaited, thene xectued. 2 million landlords killed
      - STAT Half of land in China reassigned to peasasnts - 300 milion ppl w/ 47 mil hec, each with small plots (China: A modern Hist)
      - Rent and interst reduction secured, mass meetings to attack the crullest and most oppressive members elites (t o breake down social control of landowning elites and mututal dependence that characterised ural china for centuries)
      - Cadres - survey among peasants over landlord statuses;
        
        QUOTE "real tyrants, went around smashing up everything without hesis , The cadres were real tyrants in those days. They went around houses smashing up everything without any hesita-tion. . . . Wardrobes and beds were broken into pieces and burned as fuel. . . . At the time, what did our home look like? I tell you something that the Communist Party did: they took away all our pots and pans to make iron and steel . . . and they even destroyed our stove. There was no chemical fertilizer at the time. It was thought that old earth had a rich chemical content and therefore made good fertilizer. In our village in those days most houses were built with old earth. They were all pulled down. In the end all of the houses stood empty with nothing left but a few pillars. (Forgotten Voices)
      - Encouraged to be in mutual aid teams
        
        STAT "By 1955 about 65% of peasant houshoulds belonged to mutual aid teams" china under comm)
      - CCP more experience abd better trained to rary out land reforms than other campgains (China: A modern history)
        
        LAnd owned by farmers /rich peasants was not expropriated bc food produced by them were vital for reconstruction of countryside, so woudn't be good if aliante those farmers (China: A modern history)
        
        Carried out out over a much wider geo (stat?) (China: A modern history)
      - PEASASNT PRIVATE PLOTS RETORATION, TAKEN IN 1953, RESTORED IN 1954, TAKEN IN 1957, RESTORED IN 1962 (CHINA UNDER COMM)
    - - "The land ownership system of feudal exploitation by the landlord class shall be abolished and the system of peasant landowndership shall be introduced in order to set free the rural productive forces, develoop agricultural production and thus pave the way for the New China's industrialization" (China: A mordern Hist)
      - Meant to encourage a more rational and fairer system of classification (China: A modern Hist)
    - - Liu Shaoqi's report on Agrarian Reform Law 1950, "freeing the rural productive forces and paving the way for industrialization" sooo "genuine ecnomic otive but land reform also polictical tool (China: A mordern Hist)
  - - - Causes COMMUNE GAURAUANTED SHELTER AND FOOD; FARMERS LOST THEIR INDEPENDNCE AND WORKED FOR A WAGE (China: A mordern Hist)
- - - - ECNOMICALLY
      - SOCIALLY
      - RELGIOUSLY
    - - ECONOMICALLY
        
        COLLECTIVISM & STATE CONTROLLED FARMS
        
        COMMUNES
        
        NATIONAL INCOME GREW, EXPANDED AGRI OUTPUT
        
        SOMETING STEEL BACKYARD FURNISHES
      - SOCIALLY
        
        LAND REDISTRUBTION
        
        EXECUTION OF LANDLORDS
        
        MUTUAL AID TEAM
        
        COMMUNES
        
        PLANNING TACTIS
        
        FAMINES
      - RELIGIOUSLY
        
        PROHIBITATION OF CONFUCIANICSM
        
        TRADITIONAL WAYS WERE REPLACED WITH POLICATIL DISCUSSIONS
        
        NO MORE CONFUCIOUS TEACHINGS, INSTEAD PROB FOR THE STATE