Revolutions

Lexington and Concord was the first engagement of the revolutionary war, a shot was fired and that started the battle, when the colonists were about to retreat, it was a big victory for the British, and at first the colonists were out-numbered about 10:1

Second Continental Congress this congress was the first full representation of the entire 13 colonies, decided that they would be independent from the British crown, independent states, and also made the major decision to create and army of the states united

The Battle of Bunker Hill the Americans were low on ammunition, so they waited until the British were very close to the hill, and then fired;although the colonists were greatly out-numbered, they devastated the British; 400 American soldiers got wounded or perished, but they took with them over 1,000 British soldiers

The Declaration of Independence this was the official paper that declared independence from Great Britain; it was written originally by Thomas Jefferson and partly edited by the continental congress; declared the thirteen colonies into soverign states

The Battle of Trenton George Washington crossed the Deleware on Christmas Day eve; a plan to surround the Hessian garrison; two divisions were unable to cross, leaving George and some 2,400 men; inspired colonists to enlist and others to help + hope and encouragement

Valley Forge military camp for the continental army; 18 miles northwest of Philidelphia; now has a historical memorial and park

Battles of Saratoga the battles of saratoga were two battles which the British lost due to overwhelming American forces; the battles actually took place 18 days between each other; considered a great turning point for the Americans because they got the foreign assistance needed to win

The Battle of Yorktown consisted of united French , American, and partial Spanish forces helping each other out when planning and carrying out this battle; the British were completely surrounded on all sides and were eventually forced to surrender or die; marked the last major battle in the north between Great Britain and America

Washington Resigns George Washington resigned shortly after of Paris; retires to his home in mount Vernon, Virginia; gave a famous last speech to the congress

The French Revolution The French people got tired of the bad shape of the government, especially while the king got fatter and fatter in his big palace. The French people were living badly, while the royalty were "livin' it up". So they overthrew him by a series of violent actions including burning the Bastille prison/armory to the ground after taking the weapons.

Haitian Revolution When the French Revolution broke out in 1789 all these groups had something to complain about, and obviously the slaves didn't like being slaves. The free people of color were still subject to legal discrimination no matter how wealthy they became. The French, after overthrowing the previous order now had made a new document called The Declaration of Man and Citizen, which gave hope to the slaves.

Napoleons rule Next came Napoleon who just lead the French to slaughter and got exiled to Elba, after losing to the Russians smart tactics. He then strolled back in and became emperor. Then life repeats itsslef at waterloo, and then he is sent to die on St. Helena, and island in the Atlantic off the coast of Africa.

C.O.P.S They later on created their own committee, voted to execute the king, and then formed a group called the Civil operations public safety, or something like that. Later on it became ruled by a Hitler-like killer named Maximilian Robespierre. He was later overthrown and the reign of terror was technically over. He was also executed in public.

Bredas Army Radical Petit Blancs got mad that the national assembly was giving rights to slaves, and this led to fighting between them and the new free French people of color. By August of 1791, a massive slave revolt broke out. Among the leaders of this revolt was Toussaint Breda, a former slave of full African descent, who later took the name Toussaint L'Ouverture. He helped mold the slaves into diciplined army that could withstand attacks from the French army.

The 1st Freedom The Spanish would later consistantly support this hoping to knock the French off balance and strike. L'Overture became a Spanish officer. French convinced they would lose, so they freed the slaves. The Haitians later fought for the French and turned on the Spanish. After the war L'Overture established a new constitution.

Napoleons Effect on the Haitians Then Napoleon Bonaparte came to power in 1799. He changed the laws and made so that they did not apply to colonies over the seas. He then re-instated slavery, which ignited the second phase of the Haitian revolution. Leclerc (Napoleons brother in law) tried to take away the weapons of the former slaves, which started a guerrilla war from the slaves. Despite Frances superior training, they were losing badly. The Haitians also had the best weapon of all, dies ease (The Yellow Fever), which killed thousands of French, including Leclerc himself. So Napoleon just gave up and cut his losses.

One end and a new beginning He then sold Thomas Jefferson Louisiana. This was known as the "Louisiana Purchase". And finally, on January 1, 1804, Dessaillines who had defeated the French, declared the island of Saint Domingo independent and renamed in Haiti, which is what the natives called it before the arrival of Columbus.

Galileo
Came up with theory that the planet revolves around the Sun and not the other way around. He was then placed on house arrest for believing something that was different than what the Catholic church believed, where he continued his work. He did what they said to get out of trouble, but he always knew he was right.

Copernicus
Believed that the theory of the planets revolving around the Sun was true. He later was pressured into giving up his ideas by the church. He was also a great mathematician.

Descartes
introduced the idea that all ideas should be wrong until proven right. Also a great mathematician and had a lasting impact on the scientific method.

Kepler
Proved elliptical orbit and was best know for theories of planetary motion.

Newton He was very influential in his laws of physics and gravity. His laws dominated sciences for the next three centuries. Considered to be one of the most influential scientists of all time. Also developed math that we use today including algebra and geometry

Brahe known for accurate measuring and the creating of astronomical instruments. His precise measurements of the Universe were used by Copernicus to develop the three laws of planetary motion. He also created his own model of the Universe and it was accurate for the most part. But the solar system didn't revolve around the Earth, as he apparently thought. His astronomical observations were an essential contribution to the scientific revolution. He set new standards for precise and objective measurements.

Harvey Discovered blood circulation through pumped from the heart to the body and brain. Made contributions in anatomy and physiology.

Industrial Beginning in the 1700's new inventions were invented that shortened manual labor, thus making it easier to produce and manufacture, as well as less time-consuming.

Spinning Jenny was a machine invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, England.It spun yarn faster than by hand which reduced the amount of time and effort it took to make cloth

Steam Engine the steam engine was a leap in technology that was first patented in 1606 by a Spanish dude but the best one was by James Watt, and his was also the first one to produce continuous rotary motion. Steam engines take in air and compress in with the fuel so that it forms combustion, which ignites the pistons to move. Although his stationary engine seemed small, it was the base of new 10,000 horsepower engines in the future and was a great leap for the industrial revolution.

Cotton Gin The cotton gin was a machine invented in 1794 by Eli Whitney that was designed to force the cotton through a screen but used hooks to kept the seeds out, thus seperating the two. This machine proved to be much more effective and less time consuming than slaves and manual labor. This invention was also a great addition to the Industrial revolution due to how many southern lives it changed and how much money it produced, as well as clothes.