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LIPIDS :hamburger: (WAXES (Sources + Functions (Plankon :arrow_right:…

- - - - USFA is oily liquids.
        
        Hydrogenation (UFA + SFA).
        
        Limit food exposed.
        
        Add antioxidants.
      - SFA is waxy consistency.
    - - Non - polar hydrocarbon chains :arrow_right: long chains :arrow_right: less = bond :arrow_right: poor Solubility.
    - - Koroneiki olives: 12.9% palmitic acid and 74.4% oleic acid.
      - Chemlali olives: 19.7% palmitic acid and 54.9% oleic acid.
      - EFAs (vitamin F) = required by mammals
        
        Linoleic acids (omega -6) (LA)
        
        GLA, AA. In preterm infant, LA :arrow_right: AA
        
        -linolenic acids (omega -3) (ALA)
        
        DHA, EPA. In preterm infant, ALA :arrow_right: DHA
        
        Good sources of w-3, w-6 :arrow_right: poor sources of EFAs
  - - - Structure: Single bond and unbranched.
      - Pack tighly
        
        More stable :arrow_right: high Boiling and Melting point.
      - Example
        
        Steric _ octadecanoic acid (16:0)
        
        Palmitic _ hexadecanoic acid (18:0)
        
        Myristic acid (14:0)
        
        Arachidic _ eicosanoic acid (20:0)
    - - Structure: double bond and branched :arrow_right: higher plants. (microorganism)
      - Configuration
        
        Cis USFA :arrow_right: bend/kink :arrow_right: less stable :arrow_right: lower mp, bp
      - Classification
        
        Polyunsaturated (>= 1)
        
        C12 and C15 (usually)
        
        Monounsaturated (1)
        
        C9 and C10 (usually)
      - Example
        
        oleic acid (18:1)
        
        Linoleic acid (18: 2)
        
        Arachidoic acid (20:4)
        
        Palm oil :arrow_right: Saturated fats
        
        Coconut :arrow_right: high SFA, low USFA :arrow_right: suitable for frying
      - Thermal oxidized :arrow_right: Short chain
- - - - 15-20kg triacylglycerols :arrow_right: enery for months
      - Glycogen :arrow_right: energy for 1 day
      - C more reduced :arrow_right: E(triacyl) = 2E(carbs)
  - - - 90% head contain Spermaceti oil
      - Stay deeper :arrow_right: Rise density :arrow_right: Spermaceti condense :arrow_right: crystallize at 31oC
      - Stay above :arrow_right:reduce density :arrow_right:Spermaceti melts and warm :arrow_right: liquid at 37oC
    - - Live in Ironic dilemma
      - Food contain mostly triacylglycerols
      - Eat only a few weeks per yeat
      - Metablism :arrow_right: fuel + water
      - Aldut consumed fat wth less protein :arrow_right: no urinate or defecate for months
    - - Hydrogenation :arrow_right: Trans
- - - - Sphingomyelins
        
        Ceramide + phosphpcholine/phosphoethanolamine (polar head)
        
        Nervous tissues of higher plants (plasma membrane)
        
        Resemble phosphatidylcholine
      - Neutral glycolipids
        
        Glycosphingolipids
        
        Outer face of plasma membrane
        
        Ceramide +>=1 sugar residues ( glycosidic linkage, -OH)
        
        Cerebroside
        
        Sugar + ceramide
        
        Sugar = glactose :arrow_right: neutral tissue
        
        Sugar = glucose :arrow_right: non - neutral tissue
        
        Globoside
        
        Ceramide +>=2 sugar residues
        
        No charge, pH = 7
        
        D-glucose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-galactose
      - Gangliosides
        
        (-) charge, pH =7
        
        head= oiligosac + >=1 Neu5Ac/ silic acid
        
        GM, GD, GT, GQ
        
        Nerve endings, nerve impulse transmission.
        
        Human blood type
        
        Ganglioside catalyzed by lysosomes :arrow_right: Ceramide
    - - Combination of isoprene
      - Mono - 2 isoprene units
      - Sesqui - 3 isoprene units
      - Di - 4 isoprene units
      - All steroids are terpene - based
      - Two possible linkages
        
        Head_tail
        
        Tail_tail
      - Example
        
        Mono: Limonenin lemons, Citronellal in roses and perfumes, Methol in cough drops
        
        Di: Retinal_ eye hormone, Phytol in chlorophyll
        
        Tetra: Lycopene (carotenoid) in tomatoes
  - - - Androgens (testosterone)
      - Estrogens (estradiol) :arrow_right: sexual traits + functions
      - Progestins (progesterone) :arrow_right: control menstrual cycle and pegnancy
      - Glucocorticoids (crotisol) :arrow_right: control Crabs, protein and lipids metabolism
      - Prednisone, prenisolone