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SOC 6: GROUP DECISION MAKING (Group Socialisation (Tuckmans (1965)…
SOC 6: GROUP DECISION MAKING
Group Socialisation
Moreland and Levine (1982, 1984)
explains group dynamics across the lifespan of a group
evaluation
group members evaluate rewards of group membership
evaluated in terms of contribution to group
commitment
evaluation affects investment in group
highest when individuals and groups agree on goals and values
role transitions
change in role of group member central to Moreland and Levine model
many models forgotten about passing of time
groups are not static entities - new members join, existing ones leave
Tuckmans (1965)
forming
orientation and familiarisation
storming
working through disagreements
norming
group cohesion and common identity
performing
group performs optimally and smoothly
adjourning
group dissolves because goals have been achieved or members lose interest/ motivation
maps socialisation process that occurs in small groups
dynamic relationship between the group and its members in terms of changes in roles and commitment
Group Cohesiveness
cohesiveness determined by factors influencing interpersonal attractions
similarity
cooperation
perceived acceptance by other members
shared threat
Cohesiveness Predicts
conformity to group norms
accentuated similarity
improved intragroup communication
enhanced liking of group members
Group Norms
rules and standards of behave that are understood by members and guide social behave
Seigel and Seigel (1957)
conservative views decreased after liberal dorm exposure
Specific Norms
define whats acceptable
reduce uncertainty by promoting appropriate actions
enforced by laws
lead to vilification and derogation if violated
strong effect on behaviour
Structure And Roles in Groups
Roles
roles tend to emerge due to
division of labour
provide clear-cut social expectations of members
give members self-definition and place within group
Group Status
Status
prestige of, particular role, or group and its members as a whole
Expectation States Theory
roles assigned based on expectation of performance
Specific Status Characteristics
abilities relevant to group (good athlete in sports team)
Diffuse Status Characteristics
positive or neg valued characteristics in society
Knotterus and Greenstein (1981)
Group Decision Making
Laughlin et al (2006)
groups function better when solving factual problems
less well-defined (real world) problems present unique social challenges - political correctness, unwilllng to take responsibility, lack of confidence
Group Memory and Remembering
real-life events memory is constructive process - story helps aid recall of other info
Clark and Stephenson (1989, 1995)
Group Polarization
discussion encourages people to be more extreme in decision making
can make decisions riskier - for groups that value risk taking
real life implications - become less tolerant to opposing views
How It Occurs
persuasive arguments theory
social comparison theory
social identity theory
Brainstorming
systematic reviews show individuals are 2x more creative when brainstorming alone
Paulus et al (1993)
evaluation apprehension
social loafing and free riding
production matching
production blocking
why brainstorming is ineffective
Diehl and Stroebe (1991)
illusion of group effectivity
mere volume of production of ideas
enjoyment and satisfaction of the process
individuals share only some ideas - assume others have more ideas to share