Organic chemistry
Functional groups

Alkanes

hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon-carbon bonds are single

general chemical formula CnH2n+2

Alkenes

an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond

general chemical formula CnH2n

Alkynes

unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond

general chemical formula CnH2n−2

Aromatics

Phenols

a hydroxyl group (—OH) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group

classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units in the molecule

arenols, aryl alcohols

Alcohols

hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a saturated carbon atom

Ethers

contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups

general formula R–O–R′, where R and R′ represent the alkyl or aryl groups

two varieties

symmetrical ether

mixed or unsymmetrical ethers

alkyl groups are the same on both sides of the oxygen atom

alkyl groups different

Aldehydes

containing a functional group with the structure −CHO

consisting of a carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen) with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain

Ketones and aldehydes are simple compounds that contain a carbonyl group (a carbon-oxygen double bond). They are considered "simple" because they do not have reactive groups like −OH or −Cl attached directly to the carbon atom in the carbonyl group, as in carboxylic acids containing −COOH

Ketones

structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents

Ketones and aldehydes are simple compounds that contain a carbonyl group (a carbon-oxygen double bond). They are considered "simple" because they do not have reactive groups like −OH or −Cl attached directly to the carbon atom in the carbonyl group, as in carboxylic acids containing −COOH

Carboxylic acids

organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (C(=O)OH)

general formula of a carboxylic acid is R–COOH, with R referring to the rest of the (possibly quite large) molecule

Carboxylic acids occur widely and include the amino acids

Amines

are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair

formally derivatives of ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group

Esters

chemical compounds derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an –O–alkyl (alkoxy) group

Glycerides, which are fatty acid esters of glycerol, are important esters in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids, and making up the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils

Amides

compound with the functional group RnE(O)xNR′2 (R and R′ refer to H or organic groups)

also known as an acid amide