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Organic chemistry Functional groups (Phenols (a hydroxyl group (—OH)…
Organic chemistry
Functional groups
Alkanes
hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon-carbon bonds are single
general chemical formula CnH2n+2
Alkenes
an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond
general chemical formula CnH2n
Alkynes
unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond
general chemical formula CnH2n−2
Aromatics
Phenols
a hydroxyl group (—OH) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group
classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units in the molecule
arenols, aryl alcohols
Alcohols
hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a saturated carbon atom
Ethers
contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups
general formula R–O–R′, where R and R′ represent the alkyl or aryl groups
two varieties
symmetrical ether
alkyl groups are the same on both sides of the oxygen atom
mixed or unsymmetrical ethers
alkyl groups different
Aldehydes
containing a functional group with the structure −CHO
consisting of a carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen) with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain
Ketones and aldehydes are simple compounds that contain a carbonyl group (a carbon-oxygen double bond). They are considered "simple" because they do not have reactive groups like −OH or −Cl attached directly to the carbon atom in the carbonyl group, as in carboxylic acids containing −COOH
Ketones
structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents
Ketones and aldehydes are simple compounds that contain a carbonyl group (a carbon-oxygen double bond). They are considered "simple" because they do not have reactive groups like −OH or −Cl attached directly to the carbon atom in the carbonyl group, as in carboxylic acids containing −COOH
Carboxylic acids
organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (C(=O)OH)
general formula of a carboxylic acid is R–COOH, with R referring to the rest of the (possibly quite large) molecule
Carboxylic acids occur widely and include the amino acids
Amines
are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair
formally derivatives of ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group
Esters
chemical compounds derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an –O–alkyl (alkoxy) group
Glycerides, which are fatty acid esters of glycerol, are important esters in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids, and making up the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils
Amides
compound with the functional group RnE(O)xNR′2 (R and R′ refer to H or organic groups)
also known as an acid amide
