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Industrial Revolution (History) (Improvements in Transport (inventions…
Industrial Revolution (History)
1750 most goods hand made slowly at homes, cottage industry, 1850 mass production in factories
From Village to Town
1700 pop Britain 5 mil worked in rural area and farmed, 1850 20 mil and small town Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham were huge industrial cities
many reasons for change, wouldn't have occurred without agricultural revolution
The agricultural revolution
population increased in 1750 due to increase in birth rates and a decrease in death rates
Enclosure
start of 18th century farmers used open farming, caused problems, disease, animals ate common land, animals ate crops as they grew
Enclosure Acts, allowed farmers fence off land, good farmers could practice new methods
Machinery
farming done manually,
Jethro Tull's seed drill made sure seeds were sewn deep in ground so birds couldn't get them
Cyryus McCormick's mechanical reaper made it easier to harvest the crop
Livestock
Leicestershire farmer Robert Bakewell brought in selective breeding
only healthiest and strongest animals allowed to breed,
animals grew stronger after each new breed and produced more
Four field system
used three field system before, one left fallow
Viscount Charles Townshend introduced four field system which used turnips and clovers which increased fertility in soil
no field left fallow, more food to keep livestock and people alive, gained nickname turnip townshend
results
advances led to wide availability of cheap food
cheap food led to pop explosion
many rural people with no job because of inventions taking jobs
towns expanded from rural people moving
factories had a ready-made workforce
workshop of the world
Britain earned nickname workshop of the word
Coal and Iron
driven by steam power, machines made from iron powered by coal, Britain had huge amounts of both, led to boom in mining
The Empire
large empire to get raw materials cheaply from, large markets to sell factory goods in
Good Place to do Business
good education system, strong banking system, stable government
Ready-made workforce
more people in cities in search of business thanks to the agricultural revolution
League of Extraordinary Gentlemen
great inventors and engineers, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, engineer and builder of bridges
James Watt, rotary steam engine, George Stephenson, pioneer of railways invented locomotives rocket
Textiles
clothes, two main tasks spinning and weaving, used cotton and wool
end of cottage industry and reign of factories
Inventions
John Kay, Flying Shuttle, Weaving, 1733
James Heagreaves, Spinning Jenny, Spinning, 1764
Richard Arkwright, water frame, spinning, 1769
Samuel Crompton, Mule, Spinning, 1779
Edmund Cartwright, power loom, weaving, 1785
Coal and Iron Production
first modern steam engine developed by Thomas Newcomen 1705
machine unreliable, James Watt, first efficient steam engine 1763, pump underground water up, great invention
steam engine in textile machines, trains and ships,
inventions
Thomas Newcomen steam engine, produced energy by burning coal, 1705
Abraham Darby, smelting iron with coke, coke produced stronger iron, 1709
James Watt, rotary steam engine, efficient, practical engine that drained mines, 1763
Henry Cort, puddling and rolling, improved quality of iron produced 1784
Humphrey Davy, Davy Lamp, improved safety in mines, 1816
Henry Bessemer, Bessemer converter, turned iron into much stronger steel, 1856
Improvements in Transport
very poor transport links, roads muddy in bad weather, walked everywhere, horse and carriage for rich
canals invented then trains invented
inventions
James Brindley, Bridgewater canal Manchester to Liverpool, cheap transport, 1761
John MacAdam, small stones roads prevented flooding, roads could be used in winter, 1800s
Thomas Telford, layers of rocks and stones roads, quality of roads, 1780s
George Stephenson, Rocket locomotive, mode of transport, 1829
Tarmacadam named after John Mac Adam
steam ships stopped sail boats, Isambard's ship Leviathan bggest ship, 1850s, took Brunel a year to figure out how to launch the boat
turnpike trusts were good quality roads with a toll for usage
1860 locomotives were huge, transport fast and efficient, spread of railway led to standardise of time
Mine / Factory worker during the industrial revolution
working conditions
dangerous, thousands died and lost limbs, 15 hr working days, sunday off, wages low, no financial help, child labour, unblocked clogs
workers textile breathed in tiny material floated in air, suffered lung disease, died young, black lung suffered by miners, coal dust
miners killed by flooding, gases tackled by bringing a canary, canary died from gases before miners and acted as a warning
living conditions
whole family shared rooms, no showers, baths once a month, food stale, rotten, few lived beyond forty
lived in tenement buildings, slums, sanitation poor, diseases such as TB, cholera, smallpox
pollution led to smog, smog had terrible effects
poor and homeless workhouses, work for pay and food, children separated from parents, Charles Dickens described conditions in Oliver Twist
some factory owners used truck system, paid employees with tokens for a shop, bought cheap food sold high prices
Improvements
unfair treatment led to demands for fair treatment, 1930s group of workers began to attack factories, afraid of change machines caused
group known as Luddites, rounded up and arrested, hung or sent to prison in Australia
others drew up lists of changes, Chartists demands seem simple today, men right to vote, MPs paid so workers could afford election and secret ballot elections
eventually granted by end of 1800s not without struggle
Louis Pasteur found out if you heat milk and cheese you kill bacteria stopped food poisoning from these foods, Edward Jenner developed vaccine for smallpox
A factory owner during industrial revolution
some owners wanted to help workers, most famous Robert Owen born in Wales 1771
father was a saddler and an ironmonger, went to school till nine left to become an apprentice draper
settled in Manchester, 1790 he became successful, aged 19 became manager of cotton mill in charge of 500 workers, produced best cotton in Britain
1795 became manager and partner in Chorlton Twist Company in Manchester
1799 married Caroline Dale and moved to New Lanark near Glasgow, seven children oldest was Robert Dale Owen 1801
appalled by living conditions in Manchester determined to improve this in New Lanark
built houses and taught them to look after them
houses had clean , unpolluted water supply, health improvements, no cholera and TB
good quality cheap food and strict limits placed on alcohol
encouraged education of poor children, responsible for setting up infant schools around country
New Lanark was a success, ideas unpopular with factory owners, died in 1858 not until 20th century ideas accepted
Leisure
living and working conditions hard, stress, no coincidence led to revolution in leisure
growth of railways led to growth of seaside resorts such as Blackpool and Brighton, workers went on day trips to these places as a holiday from awful everyday livees
new sporting associations spread, Football, rugby and cricket became popular teams sprung up in cities, same in Ireland with GAA and gaelic and hurling