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Opthalmoscopy (Papilloedema (causes (SOL, malignant HTN, idiopathic…
Opthalmoscopy
Papilloedema 
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Retinal haemorrhages
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rupture on retinal nerve fibre layer of superficial pre-capillary arterioles, small veins
commonly associated with systemic HTN, leukaemia, severe anaemia, retinal vein occlusion
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rupture of deep capillaries submerged within retina and caused by arteriolar, capillary or venular incompetence
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boat-shaped
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commonly associated with sudden incr ICP, anaemia, trauma, retinal vein occlusion
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vitreous
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commonly associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, HTN, trauma
pathologic optic disc cupping
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visual fields eventually become constricted, but only when neuroretinal rim is very thinned
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retinal exudate
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branch retinal artery occulsion
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Retinal infiltrate
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causes are infection with toxoplasmosis, herpes, fungi, bacteria or non-infectious inflammation by sarcoidosis or other autoimmune
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Retinal neovascularisation
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cotton wool spots
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Retinal drusen
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AV nicking
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