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Emotion (nonverbal communication # (some emotional expressions universal…
Emotion
nonverbal communication
#
Darwin
non-lingual ancestors communicated by facial expression
New Zealand Hakka
some emotional expressions universal (Ekman and Matsumoto)
Fear
adaptive
some fears easier to learn than others
amygdala associates fear with certain situations
Anger
unpleasant/annoying situations
friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, avoidable
Catharsis Hypothesis (expressing anger is habit forming, breeds more anger)
encouraged more in individualized cultures
Disgust
suspend disgust for romantic partner --> survival of species
Happiness
happy people think world is safer, make decisions more easily, are more cooperative, live healthier, have more energy, are more satisfied
which came first?
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
related to self esteem, optimism, agreeableness, close friendships, satisfying marriage, engaging work/leisure, religion, sleep, exercise
NOT related to age, gender (women more depressed but also more joyful), education, parenthood, physical attractiveness, money (beyond basic needs)
emotional ups and downs average out over time
related to comparison with others (relative deprivation)
Sadness, Surprise
cultural rules on how/when to express emotions
some cultures have words for emotions that others do not, but that does not mean those emotions are unique to those cultures
very hard for people to detect fake emotion
definition
physiological activation
autonomic nervous system
#
sympathetic - arousal
arousal from one event can spill over into response to next event
parasympathetic - calming
expressive behaviors
subjective experience
emotions exist between activation/deactivation and pleasant/unpleasant
theories
James-Lange
physiological activity --> emotional experience
forcing people's faces into sad/happy configurations --> feel sad/happy
Cannon-Bard
emotion and arousal simultaneous
Schacter-Singer (two factor)
physiology and cognition simultaneous --> emotion
know about adrenaline --> assign physiological symptoms to adrenaline, don't know about adrenaline --> report feeling angry/happy
emotion without cognition if arousing image (fearful eyes) subliminally presented
#
physiological response
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differences
high heart rate high finger temp = anger, high heart rate low finger temp = fear
left hemisphere = positive emotion, right hemisphere = negative emotion
amygdala activation different in anger
similarities
emotions that cause activation can be difficult to distinguish (ie fear, anger, sexual arousal)