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Globalisation, green crime, human rights and state crime (Crime and…

- - - - globalisation of crime
      - interconnedness across boarders
      - transnational organised crime
    - - including
        
        smuggling illegal immigrants
        
        trafficking arms, nuclear materials
        
        trafficking women / children
        
        sex tourism
        
        cybercrime
        
        green crime
        
        terrorism
      - Drug trade: $300-400 million per year (street)
      - money laundering $1.5 trillion annually
  - - - state spending on welfare declined
    - - insecurity pushes crime
      - elitists - large scale criminal oppertunity
      - e.g tax evasion
      - illegal workers (Malaysia)
- - - - loose knit networks
    - - rooted in local context
      - locally based
      - global connections
  - - - Russian / East Europe emergence after communism
      - New Russian government
        
        deregulated much of the economy
        
        huge rises in food and rent
        
        Not in commodities - Gas / Oil
        
        below world average price
        
        well connected citizens - buy and sell
        
        new elite known as 'oligarchs'
        
        oligarchs turn to new Mafia
        
        ex state security, secret service
        
        allowed them to emerge into world economy
- - - - most threats are human made
      - not natural disasters
      - productivity and tech
        
        'manufactured risks'
        
        consequences for humanity
        
        climate change
      - on a global scale
        
        'Global Risk society'
  - - - Patterns and causes of law breaking
      - pollution is legal (not bothered)
      - EVAL: criticised for accepting official definitions
    - - notion of harm, rather than law
      - legal definitions vary from states
      - harms are not illegal - much wider than TC
      - Transgressive criminology
        
        over steps, and includes more issues
      - EVAL: subjective value judgements
  - - - anthropocentric
        
        humans dominate nature
        
        economic growth first
    - - ecocentric
      - interdependent with environment
      - environmental harm hurts humans too
  - - - direct from destruction of earth
      - Deforestation
      - animal endangerment
      - water pollution
      - air pollution
    - - flouting rules, aimed at regulating natural disasters
      - breaking own rules
  - - - no laws against
- - - - economic
      - social/cultural
      - political
      - security / police
  - - - wide spread victimisation
      - Khmer Rouge Government 1975 - 1978
      - Cambodia; 1/5 population dead
      - Nazi Germany
    - - manages CJS
      - avoid defining own actions as harmful
- - - - State initiated corporate crime
        
        initiate, direct, approve CC
        
        e.g Challenger shuttle disaster
      - state facilitated CC
        
        states fail to regulate
        
        and control - crime is easier
  - - - war in 'self defence'
    - - torture of prisoners
      - bombing civilians
      - Hiroshima, Nagasaki
      - Abu Ghaib
- - - - state crime includes acts defied by criminal law, and legal ones which cause harm
    - - study of crimes with zemiology - harms, against the law or not.
      - Not allowing the powerful to be ruled out
      - EVAL: 'harm' is vague
  - - - action on behalf of the state
      - violating any kind of law
      - EVAL:international law focuses on war crimes, not CC
      - advantage of using globally agreed defintions
  - - - gross violations
      - not always self evident
      - The culture of denial
        
        States conceal and legitimate their human rights
        
        Dictatorships
        
        denial of committing
        
        Democratic
        
        'spiral state of denial'
      - Neutralisation theory
        
        'neutralise / justify' their crimes
        
        denial of victim, jury,
- - - - authorisation
      - routinisation
      - dehumanisation
  - - - four features of modern society
        
        division of labour
        
        bureaucratisation
        
        instrumental rationality
        
        science and tech
      - in the Holocaust