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LEARNING (CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (in which associations are made between …

- - - - Conditioned (CR)
        
        learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
        
        Feeling sick
      - Unconditioned (UCR)
        
        natural reaction to a stimulus
        
        Vomiting
    - - Conditioned (CS)
        
        once neutral, trained to elicit desired response
        
        Sight of the treatment room
      - Unconditioned (UCS)
        
        predictable response elicited
        
        Receiving chemotherapy's
    - - Generalization
        
        similar stimuli elicit CR
        
        Little Albert's fear of rats GENERALIZED to all furry thing
      - Extinction
        
        the gradual disappearance of CR when CS
        repeatedly presented without UCS
        
        Stop reward and CR dies out
      - Discrimination
        
        respond differently to similar stimuli
        
        Fear of all furry things DISCRIMINATED to just rats
      - Spontaneous Recovery
        
        reappearance of extinct CR when CS re-paired with UCS
        
        Re-Pair CS and UCS and comes back
  - - - There's an UCS (FOOD), which will produce an UCR (SALIVATION). But if you present the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus together, eventually the dog will learn to associate the two. After a while, the dog DROOLS (UCR) over when they heard the BELL(CR).
- - - - Positive
        
        presenting a negative consequence after an
        undesired behavior has been exhibited
        
        When a child does not organize his closet, he has to do extra minutes of house chores
      - Negative
        
        removing certain favorite or desired
        item from the individual's life
        
        Every time someone in the family swears,
        they have to put a dollar in the "swear jar".
    - - Positive
        
        giving something pleasant after a behavior and this increases the probability that the behavior will continue
        
        At a gym, customers receive a discount if they work out a certain number of times and eat healthy foods.
      - Intermittent Schedules
        
        Variable-ratio (VR)
        
        based on the unknown number of responses
        
        Delivering packages door to door
        
        Fixed-interval (FI)
        
        regular points in time
        
        A worker waiting for eight days to receive his paycheck
        
        Fixed-ratio (FR)
        
        after specified number of responses
        
        An employee earns a commission
        for every fourth sale that they make
        
        Variable-interval (VI)
        
        time between unknown
        
        A teenage girl and her friends waiting for the bus to arrive
      - Negative
        
        is taking away something unpleasant
        as a result of the behavior that is acceptable
        
        A teacher exempts student from the final test if they
        have perfect attendance
  - - - Rats were placed inside the box and discovered a lever to push. Through several times, rats learned to push the lever in order to get the food from it.
        
        Skinner rewarded his rats with food pellets. (Positive Reinforcement)
        
        Skinner's rats learned to press the lever in order to switch off the electric current in the cage. (Negative Reinforcement)
- - - - participant identifies with the person being observed
        
        Vicarious Punishment
        
        the tendency no to repeat behavior that
        we observe others punished for performing
        
        A tenant sees a neighbor evicted for late rent payment and as a result consistently pays her rent on time
        
        Vicarious Reinforcement
        
        the tendency to repeat behaviors that we
        see others rewarded for performing
        
        A woman in a clothing store learns the procedure for trying on clothes by watching others.
    - - Bobo Doll Experiment
        
        demonstrated that young children would imitate the violent and aggressive actions of an adult model
        
        one group watched an adult play nicely with a bobo doll
        
        A random sampling young children were split into 2 groups
        
        the second group watched an adult play
        aggressively with bobo doll
        
        100% of the time the child behaved the
        same way as the adult they observed
      - four conditions proposed
        
        able to REPEAT the behavior you observed
        
        able to PAY ATTENTION to what the person is doing and to what happens to him or her
        
        must have MOTIVATIOn to learn/copy behavior
        
        need to RESTORE THE MEMORY of what you have observed