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Reproduction And Breeding (Reproductive Processes in Female (:green_cross:…
Reproduction And Breeding
:warning:
Estrus Cycle
:black_flag:
Estrus
- Sexual receptivity
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Metestrus
- Corpus luteum formation
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Proestrus
- Follicular growth
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Diestrus
- fully functioning corpus luteum
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Depicts ovarian cycle
Female reproductive organs
Uterus
- Implantation and pregnancy
Cervix
- Protects from external disturbance
Oviduct
- Transport of ovum
Vagina
- Organ of copulation
Ovary
- Produces ova and hormones
Vulva
- External opening to reproductive organ
Types Of Uterus
:check: Bipartite Uteri
:check: Bicornuate Uteri
:check: Duplex Uteri
:check: Simplex Uteri
Reproductive Processes in Female
:green_cross: Fertilization
:green_cross: Implantation
:green_cross: Steroidogenesis
:green_cross: Pregnancy
:green_cross: Ovulation
:green_cross: Parturition
:green_cross: Oogenesis
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Menstrual Cycle
:star: Obvious bleeding
:star: Uterine bleeding- shedding of vascularized walls of uterus
:star: Depicts uterine events
Factors affecting female reproductive system
Photoperiod & Breeding Season
Pineal glands
- Respond to changes in photoperiod by increasing melatonin secretion
Melatonin
- Determine onset of breeding season in seasonal breeders
Social factors
Communication between sexes occur via
pheromones
and
vocalization
Male effect
- Exposure of female to male eruptly during peripubertal period
Female-female interactions
- Facilitates sexual development
Nutrition
Sufficient nutrition
for optimum reproductive efficiency
Insufficient nutrition
- Delays onset of puberty and recycling
Hormonal control
LSH
- Stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone
FSH
- Stimulates follicle in ovary to grow and produce estrogen
Anterior pituitary glands- Released
FSH
and
LH
Controlled by
hypothalamus
Temperature & humidity
Hot & humid- Depresses reproduction
Decrease estrous detection and conception
Reproductive senescene
Menopause
- End of ovarian activities
Male reproductive organs
Accessory glands
- Produce fluids that carry sperm
Ducts
- Store and carry sperm and seminal fluids to penis
Testis
- Spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis
Penis
- Deposit sperm to vagina
Hormonal Controls
LH
- Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone
Action of LH is indirect through Leydig cells
FSH
- Stimulates sertoli cells to produce sperm and inhibin
Action of FSH is direct
GnRH
- Stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
Infertility
Low sperm count
Decreased gonadotrophin
Blockages in rete testis, epidydimis or vas deferens
Spermatogenesis
Basement membrane contain
spermatogonia
Seminiferous tubules
- Associated with
Sertoli cells
Occurs in
seminiferous tubules
Interstitial spaces
- Associated with
Leydig cells
Impotecy
Psychological problem
- stress, depression and anxiety
Health and medication
- related to diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson
Physical damages
- reduced blood flow and nerve damage
Erectile dysfunction
Birth control for farm animal and pet
Chemical castration
Castration via drugs
- reduce libido and sexual activities
Immunization
Sperm surface antigens
- PH-20, SP-10,Eppin
Zona pellucida
- ZP3, PZP
Neutering & spaying
Spaying- Ovariohysterectomy of female animal
Neutering- Castration of male animal
Fish Reproduction
Bisexuality
Gonochorism
Hermaproditism
Synchronous ( left /ovary & right/testis)
Asynchronous ( left/testis & right/ovary)
Unisexuality/ parthogenesis
Freshwater fish
demersal eggs
long incubation period
small number of eggs spawn
larger and less vulnerable larvae
Marine fish
buoyant egg
short incubation period
larger number of egg spawns
vulnerable larvae
Freshwater Animal Reproduction Adaptation
very short life cycle
Rapid turnover of generations
More direct development & larger ,yolkier egg or brood pouches
Unusually large
Protected surface
Direct insemination
Protective dormant stage
Bird Reproduction Adaptation
Female bird have 1 left ovary & oviduct
Male have a pair of testis that only grow larger during breeding season
Cloacal protuberance to keep sperm at optimum temperature
Male have no penis ( cloacal kiss to breed )
Bird Breeding Success
declines during non breeding season
Gamebird have high reproductive rates (r.s)
Precocials have higher r.s compared to altricials
Biparental are more productive than uniparentals/female only parent strategy
Less energy for spermatogenesis compared to oogenesis
Female energy expenditure is compesate by male helping in NB & PC
Migrants birds have higher r.s compared to non migrants
Pelagic seabirds have less r.s compared to birds in their habitat
Frugivourous, nectarivous, crespuscular & pelagic birds have lower productivities compared to other birds
Shorebird have special nesting adaptation