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learning (classical conditioning (types of stimulus (neutral (no initial…

- - - - no initial response elicited
    - - predictable response elicited
    - - once neutral, trained to elicit desired response
  - - - natural reaction to a stimulus
    - - learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
- - - - vicarious reinforcement: tendency to repeat behaviors that we see others rewarded for performing
      - vicarious punishment: the tendency not to repeat behaviours that we observe others punished for performing
- - - - fixed-ratio (FR)
        
        there must be a fixed number of target responses before reinforcement is given
        
        produces a high rate of responding following brief pauses by the organism after obtaining reinforcement
        
        Example: a worker makes commission for every third sale they make
      - variable-ratio
        
        the number of target responses required for reinforcement varies around some average, and the organism never knows exactly how many responses are required for the next reinforcement.
        
        gambler's schedule
        
        Example: a sales person travels from house to house but never knows when they are going to find an interesting buyer.
      - fixed-interval (FI)
        
        the first target response after a fixed interval of time has passed is reinforced
        
        responses on an Fi schedule increase toward the end of the interval
        
        the pattern of responding is called "scalloping" because of the notable scalloped shape of the line on a cumulative record
        
        Example: The employee receives reinforcement every seven days, which may result in a higher response rate as payday approaches.
      - variable-interval (VI)
        
        similar to the FI schedule, except that the length of the interval of time changes after each reinforcement, and the organism has no way of knowing how long the next interval will be.
        
        Example: a teacher might give a pop quiz to his/her students at any given time to test if they are paying attention in class
- - - - primary
        
        sports such as soccer
      - secondary
        
        cleats to play soccer
- - - - similar stimuli elicit CR
    - - respond differently to similar stimuli
    - - gradual disappearance of CR when CS
    - - reappearance of extinct CR when CS re-paired with UCS