Why did the Revolt of the Northern : Earls fail? ⭐

Failure of Leadership ❗

Government Respons hi

Lack of International Support 🏁 🔥

Lack of Support ❤

It lacked the clear coordination and clear objectives of early risings such as the pilgramge of Grace

Rebels believed that Philip II of Spain was going to send troops to help them but this was false belief

MILLIE EMMA ELLIE

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

ELIZABETH'S RESPONSE

failed to attract support from other members of the nobility

Non-violent but she wanted to enact revenge

Local government officials struggled to cope initially

Philip remained reluctant to help Mary as she had too many connections with France

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nobles of other Catholic sympathies decided that the rebellion was too risky e.g. Henry Clifford the earl of Cumberland, Earl of Derby (due to Catholic sympathies he decided to remain loyal), Nevil and Percy - members of the local gentry who preferred to remain neutral or even support Elizabeth e.g. John Sayor member of the Durham gentry who usually supported the Earl of Northumberland however chose not to follow the earl into rebellion but help George Bowles in the defense of Bernard Castle - shops that the rebellion did not automatically attract the support of all those with grievances towards Elizabeth - feared what would happen to them following a failed rebellion

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No clear leadership ermeged such as the charasmatic Kett the leadership of Northumberland and Westmoreland were less focused

There was no clear set of aims or objectives

The rebels also hoped that Scottish Catholic supporters of Mary might invade the North, but this was prevented by the Pro-English regent of Scotland the Earl of Moray

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Forster, George Bowes and Lord Hundson remained loyal to Elizabeth. they were in constant contact to the government relaying information of the situation on the ground to the men organising the response of the rising.

Westmoreland had to be convinced by his uncle to rebel even though he supported the Norfolk - Mary Marriage and Northumberland had to be convinced even further as he did not orginally support the marriage

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rebel leaders had problems attracting wider support of ordinary men and women - although able to attract 5,000 supporters these men were from their own estates. they never gained the level of popular support seen in the pilgrimage of Grace. this was because....

They organised counter-attacks and there removal of Mary , Queen of scots to the rebels reach.

the news of the arrival of a enormous army from the south also was enough to deter the rebels form advancing further south.

earls lack of influence beyond the regions where they were dominant
popular apathy on the part of the commons
without they support of other members of the nobility the earls were not able to raise support outside Yorkshire and Durham
popular attitudes to religion started to change - although Catholic masses held at Durham cathedral attracted a large congregation however this did not translate into mass support for the rebel army

The rebellion lacked legitimacy in the eyes of some Catholics because Elizabeth had not been excommunicated from the Pope. If Elizabeth had been excommunicated , then all loyal English Catholics would have been released from their obligation to obey her and would have been encouraged to remove her from power.

Both Westmoreland and Northumberland escaped but 8 other ringleaders were executed

She wanted to send out a stronger message- ordered 700 ordinary Rebels to be executed (there is evidence that these were not fully carried out)- e.g Sir George Bowes appeared to have tried to soften the impact

The Goverments reponse was slow initially but in early december the threat poses by the size of the royal army was enough to scare the rebels who did not want to fight.

This may suggest that there were disagreements between the rebel leaders which would've weakened the leadership of the rebellion

The local goverment officials struggled to cope initially. Elizabeth's policy of giving local office to loyal Protestant outsiders and local men such as John Forster who were reliant on royal favour or their position they both helped bring around the rebellion as well as help put it down.

popular dislike and suspicion of foreigners meant that a return to a church controlled by a pope in rome was not widely supported therefore when the earls tried to rally popular support for a return to Catholicism and Papacy they were meant with indifference.

1572- Council of North was re-organised again, Henry Hastings appointed president and given powers over north of England

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