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The Changing Employment of the UK (THE CHANGING ECONOMY (CHANGING PRIMARY…
The Changing Employment of the UK
THE CHANGING ECONOMY
CHANGING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SECTORS
COAL MINING
fell fro 600,000 to 6000
uk mines are too deep = $$$ to maintain
cheaper imported coal from russia, colombia usa
industry privatised 1994
IRON AND STEEL
fell from 250,000 to 20,000
suffered from strikes in 60s and 70s
privatised in 1988
steel made in SK and EU cheaper
FOOTWEAR, TEXTILES AND CLOTHING
fell from 1 million to 100,000
1950s onwards cheaper textiles made in asia
globalisation and cheaper transport means global exports and imports cheaper
CAR MANUFACTURING
1960
1.3. million cars same as 2011
employs 700,000 people
CHANGING TERTIARY AND QUARTERNARY SECTORS
wages v. varied
big increases in health and education jobs
and retail, hotel and food = wealthy people spend more in shops etc.
QUARTERNARY
important because ...
highly skilled and paid jobs - uni grads
research and development = new products to export
many hi-tech companies are global TNCs which invest in new products
uk strengths
aerospace
agriculture and food research
chemicals, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology research
digital imaging, internet and web design
EMPLOYMENT CHANGE
1960-2010
TOTAL WORKFORCE
24mill to 27mill
despite increase of 10 mill, more ppl stay in education + more elderly
AVERAGE WAGES
220 - 450
unskilled/skilled manual jobs rare - more qualifications
WOMEN IN WORKFORCE
women 49% of workforce, from 35%
bc women receive over 50% degrees over 20% b4 + more independence
PART-TIME JOBS
5% - 25%
more flexible, more job moving, families
WORKING HOURS
average working week fallen
bc more people work part-time, work from home
CONTRASTING REGIONS
NORTH
used to b heavily industrial, decline bc of deindustrialisation
relies more on secondary industry and public services
SOUTH
economy based on services esp. finance and more quaternary industry
relies on more private industry e.g. finance, scientific research and IT
REASONS
SE - centre for q. industry and research
esp m4 corridor - close to Heathrow, national motorway network and london
se research and dev 3.6 bill
ne 0.3 bill
se - better educated = $$$ + more science, tech and finance jobs
v.s ne lowpaid secondary and retail jobs
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
SHEFFIELD
economic diversification
from secondary into t and q
ADVANTAGES
WATER QUALITY
river don water quality increased and restocked with fish
AIR QUALITY
nitrogen dioxide levels about 50% of 1980s
REGENERATION
some derelict land site trnsformed e.g. meadowhall shopping centre
DISADV
DERELICT LAND
900 hectares created after factories closed: polluted with heavy metals and industrial waste
GREENFIELD SITES
increased pressure to build homes on greenfield sites
TRAFFIC
jobs no longer concentrated in don valley and city centre - ppl have to travel further
BROWNFIELD AND GREENFIELD SITES
BROWNFIELD
sites that have been used before but abandoned
usually located in inner city
adv and disadv
e.g. the sage gateshead - music venue
GREENFIELD
never been built on, usually edge of cities
e.g. farmland / woodland
adv and disadv
e.g. uk hq sage plc edge of newcastle
CHANGING WORK
GROWTH SECTORS
EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
eltc partnered with universities to make links bt academic research and commerical developemtn
uk gov inversting £2 bill in aerospace research
GREEN TECHNOLOGY
wind power epected to grow by 28 ggw by 2020
green cars etc.
GREEN CONSUMPTION
interest in locally grown organic food
800 farmer's markets
THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
EAST LONDON TECH CITY
200 IT and tech companies
supported with £50 mill from gov
IMMIGRANTS
plug skill gaps
entrepeneurs
lower skilled - low cost workforce
CHANGING WORKING PRACTICES
TELEWORKING
people working from home
3.7 mill somtimes work from home, 1 mill mostly
1980s this was 100,000
HOMEWORKING
risen 2001 3.1mill
3.8mill in 2011
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
2003 - 3.3 mill
2011 4.5 mill
FLEXIBLE WORKING
1997-2011 6.5 TO 7.9MILL
adv
reduces commuting = less traffic
suits some people
people choose when and where to work = commitments
disadv
stress of looking for work
family tensions at home if house is also office
fewer benefits
part time pays less
changes are likely to continue - companies save money
technology devlopments = teasier telecommuting
companies like flexible workforces