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The Changing Employment of the UK

- - - - fell fro 600,000 to 6000
      - uk mines are too deep = $$ to maintain
      - cheaper imported coal from russia, colombia usa
      - industry privatised 1994
    - - fell from 250,000 to 20,000
      - suffered from strikes in 60s and 70s
      - privatised in 1988
      - steel made in SK and EU cheaper
    - - fell from 1 million to 100,000
      - 1950s onwards cheaper textiles made in asia
      - globalisation and cheaper transport means global exports and imports cheaper
    - - 1960 1.3. million cars same as 2011
      - employs 700,000 people
  - - - important because ...
        
        highly skilled and paid jobs - uni grads
        
        research and development = new products to export
        
        many hi-tech companies are global TNCs which invest in new products
      - uk strengths
        
        aerospace
        
        agriculture and food research
        
        chemicals, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology research
        
        digital imaging, internet and web design
- - - - 24mill to 27mill
        despite increase of 10 mill, more ppl stay in education + more elderly
    - - 220 - 450
        unskilled/skilled manual jobs rare - more qualifications
    - - women 49% of workforce, from 35%
        bc women receive over 50% degrees over 20% b4 + more independence
    - - 5% - 25%
        more flexible, more job moving, families
    - - average working week fallen
        bc more people work part-time, work from home
  - - - used to b heavily industrial, decline bc of deindustrialisation
      - relies more on secondary industry and public services
    - - economy based on services esp. finance and more quaternary industry
      - relies on more private industry e.g. finance, scientific research and IT
    - - SE - centre for q. industry and research
        esp m4 corridor - close to Heathrow, national motorway network and london
      - se research and dev 3.6 bill
        ne 0.3 bill
      - se - better educated = $$ + more science, tech and finance jobs
        v.s ne lowpaid secondary and retail jobs
- - - - WATER QUALITY
        
        river don water quality increased and restocked with fish
      - AIR QUALITY
        
        nitrogen dioxide levels about 50% of 1980s
      - REGENERATION
        
        some derelict land site trnsformed e.g. meadowhall shopping centre
    - - DERELICT LAND
        
        900 hectares created after factories closed: polluted with heavy metals and industrial waste
      - GREENFIELD SITES
        
        increased pressure to build homes on greenfield sites
      - TRAFFIC
        
        jobs no longer concentrated in don valley and city centre - ppl have to travel further
  - - - sites that have been used before but abandoned
        usually located in inner city
      - adv and disadv
      - e.g. the sage gateshead - music venue
    - - never been built on, usually edge of cities
        e.g. farmland / woodland
      - adv and disadv
      - e.g. uk hq sage plc edge of newcastle
- - - - EAST LONDON TECH CITY
        200 IT and tech companies
        supported with £50 mill from gov
    - - eltc partnered with universities to make links bt academic research and commerical developemtn
        uk gov inversting £2 bill in aerospace research
    - - wind power epected to grow by 28 ggw by 2020
        green cars etc.
    - - interest in locally grown organic food
        800 farmer's markets
    - - plug skill gaps
      - entrepeneurs
      - lower skilled - low cost workforce
  - - - people working from home
      - 3.7 mill somtimes work from home, 1 mill mostly
        1980s this was 100,000
    - - risen 2001 3.1mill
        3.8mill in 2011
    - - 2003 - 3.3 mill
        2011 4.5 mill
    - - 1997-2011 6.5 TO 7.9MILL
      - adv
        
        reduces commuting = less traffic
        suits some people
        people choose when and where to work = commitments
      - disadv
        
        stress of looking for work
        family tensions at home if house is also office
        fewer benefits
        part time pays less