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Emotional and Cognitive Socialization Outcomes (Influences in Attitude…
Emotional and Cognitive Socialization Outcomes
Values
Affected by Societal Perceptions
Affected by Personal Perceptions
Values Clarification
Attitudes
Phase 1: awareness of cultural differences: Age 2 1/2- 3
Phase 2: Orientation toward specific culturally related words and concepts: Age 4
Phase 3: Attitudes toward various cultural groups: Age 7
Influences in Attitude Development
Family
Peers
Mass Media
Community
School
Changing Attitudes about Diversity
Increased positive intercultural contact
Vicarious intercultural contact
Perceptual differentiation
Motives
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Achievement Motivation: learned motivationto achieve mastery of challenging tasks
Attributions
Locus of Control
One's attribution of performance, or perception of responsibility for success or failure; may be internal or external
Internal: perception that one is responsible for one's own fate
External: perception that others or outside forces are responsible for one's fate
Explanations for performance
Learned Helpless Orientation: the perception, acquired through negative experiences, that effort has no effect on outcomes
Lack of Ability
Lack of Effort
Self-Efficacy: the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes
Personal Agency: the realization that one's actions cause outcomes
Self-Esteem: the value one places on one's identity
Development of Self-Esteem
Significance
Competence
Virtue
Power
Influences on Self-Esteem
Family
School
Peers
Mass Media
Community