Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

8.Thinking, Language and Intelligence (Intelligence Controversies (Gardner…

- - - - Insight- sudden understanding of a solution.
      - Incubation Period- mentally setting aside the problem for a while until the solution comes without conscious thought.
      - Heuristics- educated guess often used as a shortcut for solving. Also narrowing alternatives.
      - Algorithms- logical, step-by-step procedure that, if followed correctly, will always eventually solve the problem.
    - - Mental Set- continuing to use a problem-solving strategy that has worked in the past rather than trying new strategies.
      - Functional Fixedness- the inability to think of an object functioning only in its usual or customary way. Adversely affects problem solving and creativity.
      - Availability Heuristic- estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event based on information that is readily available in our memory
      - Representativeness Heuristic- involves making judgements based upon how well something matches (represents) an existing prototype or stereotype
      - Confirmation Bias- preferring information that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence.
- - - - Definition: the smallest basic unit of speech that distinguishes one word from another in any language
        
        an example can be the phoneme /k/, it can be found in scat, cat, and kit or the phoneme /pho/, it can be found in phoneme, phone, and photo
    - - Definition: the smallest meaningful unit of language; formed from a combination of phonemes
        
        can be thought of as simple words, suffixes, and prefixes
        
        an example of a simple word morpheme would be "they","put",and "and"
        
        an example of a suffix morpheme would be "-ing", "-ation", and "-able"
        
        an example of a prefix morpheme would be "pre-", "re-", and "con-"
    - - Definition: the two rules governing the use and structure of language.
- - - - Yields an overall intelligence score, in addition to separate index scores related to 4 specific areas
        
        Perceptual reasoning
        
        Working memory
        
        Verbal comprehension
        
        Processing speed
    - - This test is based on an IQ test used in France. Lewis Terman developed it to study intelligence of U.S children from ages 3-16.
      - The Intelligence quotient (IQ) is the child's mental age divided by the child's chronological age.
        
        Normal Distribution: A statistical term used to describe how traits are distributed within a population. Usually in a bell curve
        
        Results are expressed as one's mental age.
        
        The test consist of copying geometric designs , identifying similarities, and number sequences.
    - - Reliability - The degree to which a test produces similar scores each time it is used; stability or consistency of the scores produced by an instrument
      - Validity - the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure
      - Standarization - a set of uniform procedures for adminstering and scoring a test
  - - - When someone hs significant deficits in general mental abilities such as reasoning, problem solving, and academic learning
        
        Savant syndrome - people generally score very low on IQ tests but demonstrate exceptional skills or brilliance in specific areas such as rapid calculation, art, memory or musical ability