Cell Biology
Cell features
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Red=animal Blue=plant green=both
Controls all activities of the cell. Contains the genes on chromosonmes
Large space containing cell sap.Helps to keep the cell rigid.
This is where oxygen is used and most of the energy is released during respiration
Chemical reactions needed for life occur in this liquid gel
Made of cellulose and forms a rigid non-living box around the cell to strengthen and support
Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
Contains chlorophyll, a green substance that absorbs light energy to make food by photosythesis
All the protein needed for the cell are made here
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Have a distinct nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotic
no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Mitosis
Cell specialisation
Meiosis
Enzymes
Respiration
Chromosomes get shorter and fatter
DNA is duplicated making two replicas of the chromosome
Chromosomes line up in pairs along the equator
Chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle fibres to each pole
Nucleus reforms and cell splits (cytokineses)
Stem cells
An specialised cell that can differentiate into many different types of cells
2 main types
Embryotic stem cell
Adult tissue specific
Almost the same as Mitosis but the cells spilt twice
Look in book
Red blood cells
Nerve cells
White blood cells
Ciliated Epithelial cells
Sperm cell
No nucleus, large surface area, biconcave disc shape
Have many connecting branches
Cytoplasm can flow
Have tiny hairs that move from side to side
Has a powerful tail, many mitochondria
An enzyme is a biological catalyst
Each enzyme has an optimum temperature
If the temperature becomes too great the enzyme becomes denatured
It no longer has an active sie
Enzymes are specific
There active sites are complimentary to one type of substrate
When they bond they form an enzyme substrate complex
Aerobic respiration takes place in all cells
Glucose+Oxygen=Carbon dioxide+water+ energy in the form of ATP
It is an exothermic reaction
It takes place in the mitochondria
Anearobic respiration occurs when there is too little oxygen to meet the demand
Glucose=Lactic acid+energy
Results in an oxygen debt
The same amount of oxygen needed to achieve the same amount of energy in aerobic respiration is needed to remove the build up of lactic crystals