HB Adolescence
Physical Development of puberty
Adolescent health
Adolescent from psychological perspectives
Identity statuses in adolescence
Primary sex charateristics(sex organs)
ovaries, uterus, and vagina👧🏻
testes and penis👦🏻
Sex hormones released – testisterone in boys,
estradiol/estrogen for girls
Secondary sex characteristics
Breast development
Changing voice pitch
Growth of beard and body hair
Timing of Puberty
Heredity/genetic and behavioral factors influence hormonal secretions
Early developing girls👧🏻
before age 10 or 11
more negative body image ☹
problem behaviors
Early developing boys👦🏻
associated with leadership (positive) 😃
late: depression
Sexual Development in Girls👧🏻
Menarche：first m (btw 9-12 of age)
2 years after beginning of secondary sex characteristics
Irregular menstrual cycles :Ovum may not be produced during every cycle
Secular Trend
4 months earlier per decade
Pregnancy can occur after menarche
Sexual Development in Boys👦🏻
Sperm production: 12-14YO
First ejaculation: 13-14YO
Genital development and pubic hair development start by end of the growth spurt
beard and voice changes occur before the end of sexual development
Sexual Behavior
Early sexuality
-Poverty
-Unsupervised by adults
-More likely to use alcohol
-More likely to be abused/neglected
Moral concerns
-believe premarital sex is wrong
-attend religious services
-participate actively in school activities, eg.sports
-do not use alcohol
Major concerns on Adolescent Sexuality
Contraceptive Use
Teens show ignorance of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
Fail to discuss condom use
Fail to resist sexual pressure from partners
Adolescent Pregnancy
Sexual Orientation & Homosexuality
heterosexual
homosexual
Prenatal hormone patterns
realize in middle school
isolated
Sensation Seeking
sex, violence, drugs, and alcohol may influence risky behavior
Drugs, Alcohol & Tobacco
fewer teens are regular smokers than a generation ago
Body Image & Eating Disorder
weight-conscious/with negative body images
Anorexia Nervosa (extremely dieting)
Bulimia (frequent cycles of binge eating)
Depression and Suicide
5-8% are depressed
Girls are twice
Boys have higher seriousness
Freud - Genital Stage
Channel libido into a healthy sexual relationship
Erikson - Identity vs. Role Confusion Stage
ID:self-continuity
unique traits across age & social roles
Identity formation
Crisis: decision-making
Commitment: Follow some specific role, value, goal, or ideology
Adolescent Egocentrism (Elkind, 1967)
the belief that one’s thoughts, beliefs, and feelings are unique
Personal Fable神話式
one’s life are controlled by a mentally constructed autobiography
Imaginary Audience
internalized set of behavioral standards
spotlight effect
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
focus on reasoning
cognitive development
3 levels (6 stages)
Preconventional
Consequences (positive or negative)
Stage 1 – punishment and obedience orientation
Stage 2 – individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
Conventional
Social order and norm
Stage 3 –interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (gd boy,gd girl)
Stage 4 – Social system and conscience (“Law and Order”)
Postconventional
Personal codes of ethics
Stage 5 – Social contracts orientation(Grey zone)
Stage 6 – Universal ethical principles (indi belief)
Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement
Identity Achievement
both crisis and commitment
Moratorium
currently experiencing crisis,no commitment made yet
Foreclosure
made commitment without gone through a crisis, eg.gender
Identity Diffusion
no crisis or has not made any commitment
Gender Role identity
sex roles became more flexible
sex role: social conventions
Sandra Bem (1974)
Masculine
Feminine
⭐Androgynous (䧳雄同體)
Undifferentiated (不男不女)
Social Relationship
Relationship with parents
Parent-teen Conflict: increase with the establishment of autonomy and relatedness
Attachment
success in parent-teen relationship, closeness of peer relationship
Friendship
focus on inner feelings and secrets
Interpersonal, social, negotiation and conflict skills are essential
Peer Group: share values, behaviors and identity status
Clique
4-6 member who are strongly attached
Crowds
larger setd that include M &F, break into heterosexual cliques --> romantic relationships