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Matter BIOB111 Session 1 (Atoms (composed of subatomic particles…

- - - - one visible phase
      - same properties throughout
    - - two/more visible phases
      - different properties in different phases
  - - - can be found in nature in the form of single atoms only or as molecules
      - cannot be broken down into simpler substances
      - building blocks for all other types of matter
      - 118 elements
    - - comprised of two different kinds of atoms
      - joined together with a chemical bond in a specific ratio
      - can be broken down into constituent elements by chemical (not physical) means
      - chemical combination of two/more elements
      - have definite, constant, elemental composition
- - - - orbit around the nucleus in a cloud
      - Electron arrangement
        
        Shells (max = 7)
        
        Subshells
        
        Orbitals
        
        Shell 1
        
        closest to the nucleus = lowest energies
        
        easy for electrons to stay close to the nucleus
        
        maximum of 2 electrons
        
        Shell 2
        
        further away from the nucleus = higher energies
        
        hard for electrons to be far away from the nucleus
        
        maximum of 8 electrons
        
        outer shell electrons = valence electrons
        
        Subshells
        
        Shell 1 = 1 subshell
        
        1s (2 electrons)
        
        Shell 2 = 2 subshells
        
        2s (2 electrons)
        
        2p (6 electrons)
        
        Shell 3 = 3 subshells
        
        3s (2 electrons)
        
        3p (6 electrons)
        
        3d (10 electrons)
        
        electrons with identical energies are grouped in subshells
        
        number of subshells in each shell is identical to the number of the particular shell
        
        Orbitals
        
        p type elements: want to gain electrons to become more stable
        
        each orbital can only hold 2 electrons
        
        if there are 2 electrons they must have opposite spin
        
        only 1 electron - unpaired orbital. Not as stable - wants to find another electron to become more stable
        
        s type elements: 1/2 electrons in outer shell - want to lose electrons to become stable
      - 1 negative charge e-
      - magnitude equal to p+, but opposite in sign - attracted to the nucleus, opposite charges of the protons
      - mass = 9.109 x 10-28g
    - - neutrons
        
        no charge, is neutral
        
        does not repel or attract
        
        mass = 1.675 x 10-24g
      - protons
        
        1 positive charge p+
        
        mass = 1.673 x 10-24g
  - - - number of protons in the nucleus
    - - the number of particles in the nucleus
      - number of protons + neutrons
- - - - physical
        property
        
        does not involve chemical reactions
        
        colour, shape, density, odour, melting/boiling point, physical state
      - physical change - is a change in physical state of the matter (solid, liquid, gas), but not its chemical identity
        
        water molecules in ice, liquid water and steam
    - - chemical
        property
        
        refers to the reactivity of substances and the chemical reactions they undergo. how a substance changes/resists change to form a new substance
        
        oxidisation, flammability,
      - chemical change - involves a change in the molecular structure of a substance
        
        properties of original and new substances also change
        
        decomposition
        
        reaction with another substance