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Human Development (Emerging Adulthood (Arnett) (a time between late teens…
Human Development
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infant studies
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social referencing (facial cues), starts 7-9 months
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attachment
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HARLOW: rhesus monkey attachment to surrogate mother based on bodily contact (comfort) not nourishment
BOWLBY: infants have a need for contact comfort, which provides the infant with a secure base. Attachment behaviors are instinctive, both infants and mothers have biological need to stay in contact with each other
separation anxiety: appears around 6-8 months, not significantly greater for kids who go to day care vs kids who stay home
attachment styles
secure attachment: distress when mother leaves, reassured when mother returns
insecure attachment
avoidant: not distressed when mother leaves, avoids mother when she returns
ambivalent: inconsolably upset when mother leaves, cannot be comforted when mother returns (both seeks and rejects contact)
stability of attachment style: relatively stable, can change if circumstances change (nurture). predicts child's social and emotional development. some evidence of attachment in adult relationships
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Piaget
Theory (nature)
Sensorimotor (birth-2 yrs): differentiates self from object, develops idea of object permanence
Preoperational (2-7 yrs): learn to use language, represent objects with images/words. can classify objects but only by 1 feature.
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boy knows candy isn't added to line but the line spreads out so he can't say for sure if it is the same amount
Concrete Operational (7-12 yrs): can think logically about concrete objects. Understands conservation of number, mass, weight
Formal Operational (12+ yrs): logical/abstract thought, concerned with the possible as well as the real
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Theory
Preconventional (levels 1&2): avoids punishment, gains reward
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Conventional (levels 3&4): gains approval and avoids disapproval, defined by rigid codes of "law and order"
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Critique
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claim of gender bias, but empirical support of this is weak
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nature: able to handle stress, lack of aggression --> easy to make friends
nurture: having friends --> ability to handle stress, lack of aggression, etc