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Respiration (Type of Breathing & Lung Ventilation (Eupnea, Apnea,…
Respiration
Type of Breathing & Lung Ventilation
Eupnea
Apnea
Dyspnea
Polypnea
Hypernea
Hyperventilation & Hypoventilation
Factors affecting Oxygen binding
Temperature
pH
Organic Phosphate
Other factors
Respiratory Organ of different animals
Cutaneous Respiration
phyla annelida
max R
thin skin
high surface area
use cilia on skin to move h2o to maintain ∆P
limitation
not get too large
not energetically expensive activity
amphibian
Bornean flat-headed frog
discovered: in mountain stream (borneo, 2008)
habitat: fast-flowing stream
lungless toad
flattened body helps increase surface area for gas exchange
lungless caecillian
skin filled with capillaries that penetrate the epidermis
habitat: warm (24-30'C), turbid, fast-flowing water (lowland of Brazillian Amazon basin)
large tetrapod to lack lungs
lungless salamander
habitat: aquatic
Tracheal tube systems
arthropods
tracheal tubes open to outside at spiracles along body surface
gases exchange between fluid of tracheoles and body cells
Book Lung
hemolymph filled with stakes of lamellae
e.g: spiders and scorpions
run out o2 quickly so move only in short burst
body surface
phyla cnidaria spiracles
max R
thin cell
circulate h2o across outer layer to maintain ∆P
limitation
cannot be in large size
not involved in energy-consuming activity
Carbon Dioxide Transportation
Modified into bicarbonate ion
Carbon Dioxide + Haemoglobin
= Carbaminohaemoglobin
Some dissolve in blood plasma
Respiratory Organ of different animals
Gills
External Gills
Way to maximize rate of diffusion
thin gills
(blood vessel closed to the surface)
feather-like arrangement of gills
Limitations
Relative small body size
Tissue delicate and cannot be protected
Must in constant motion/water current
Internal Gills
Way to maximize rate of diffusion
feather-like arrangement of gills
Skin as additional respiratory organ
Limitation
Have large surface area exposed to dry air
Efficient in water but not on land
Need support from buoyant air
Labyrinth
Organ
Labirinth fish gulp air from water surface & trap the air inside the labyrinth organ where diffusion take place
Lungs of terrestrial vertebrates
Mammals
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
gas exchange in different animals
Small animals, high surface area/volume
Larger animals needs specialised respiratory organ to deliver O2 throughout the body
simple diffusion
O2 and CO2 passively move through following their [ ] gradient to achieve equilibrium
Respiration process in terrestrial vertebrates
1) Pulmonary ventilation
2) External Respiration
3) Transportation of Gases
4) Internal Respiration
5) Cellular Respiration
Control by Medulla Oblongata
Oxygen Transportation
Oxygen + Haemoglobin
= Oxyhaemoglobin
Dissolve in blood plasma
Definition
Respiration
Obtain O2 from external environment & eliminations of CO2
Celullar respiration
: O2 serving as oxidizing agent converted into CO2
Glucose + O2 = CO2 + H2O + ATP
Rate of diffusion
Fick’s Law of Diffusion
R = D x A ( ∆P / d )
Maximized the diffusion (R) by
Increase A
Increase ∆P
Decrease d
why?
Acquire the O2 needed to breakdown food molecule into energy
Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation Curve
:
