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:!:REVOLUTIONS :!: (AMERICAN REVOLUTION :check: (Lexington and Concord: …

- - - - Battle of Bunker Hill: 1. The British defeated the Americans at the battle of Bunker Hill in Masssachusetts. 2. They may have lost but the battle provided the Americans with an important confidence boost. 3. The battle of Bunker Hill wasn't actually fought on Bunker Hill.
        
        Declaration of Independence: 1. was signed by 56 delegates to the Continental Congress 2. The American colonies had been at war with Great Britain for over a year when the document was signed 3. About 20% of the American population during the American Revolutionary war were loyalists.
        
        Battle of Trenton: 1. Fought on the morning of December 26, 1776 2. Won by the American forces. 3. commanded by George Washington
        
        Valley Forge: 1. George Washington chose to make the winter camp at Valley Forge for several reasons 2. Valley Forge was named after an iron forge located at nearby Valley Creek. 3. only around 1/3 of the men who arrived in Valley Forge had shoes.
        
        Battle of Saratoga: 1. This battle secured a critical French alliance for the Americans during the Revolution. 2. The word saratoga is shorthand for two battles that gave the coup de grace to the British invasion from Canada during the American Revolutionary War. 3. To celebrate the American victory at Saratoga, the Continental congress issued a proclamation for a national day "for solemn Thanksgiving and praise," the first official holiday observance with that name.
        
        Battle of Yorktown: 1. Some of the American forces were led by Marquis de La Fayette, a French officer who became a Major General in the American army. 2. The battle lasted around 20 days 3. The British Prime Minister, Lord Frederick North, resigned after the British defeat and surrender at Yorktown
        
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- - - - Estates General & Louis XVI's Response: 1. The first estate was the clergy, the second estate the nobility, and the third estate effectively the rest of the French society. 2. Louis XVI prepared to use force against the Third Estate. 3. Louis XVI was soon informed that he could no longer trust the royal troops, Louis XVI could enforce his will no more.
        
        Demands of the General Assembly: 1. Revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate of the Estates-General; thereafter replaced by the Legislative assembly 2. They consolidated the public debt and declared all existing taxes to have been illegally imposed, but voted in these same taxes provisionally, only as long as the Assembly continued to sit. 3. Ignored Olympe de Gouges demands they thought that women didn't hope to exercise political rights and functions.
        
        Death of Louis XVI: 1. Louis XVI was the last King of France in the lone of Bourbon monarchs preceding the French Revolution. 2. He was executed for treason by guillotine in 1793 . 3. one of the reasons he was punished was because in his bedroom he had a hidden safe containing compromising documents and correspondence.
        
        Reign of Terror: 1. Committee of Public Safety took control, the committee acted to defend France from foreign and domestic threats. 2. Republic of Virtue- a democratic republic composed of good citizens, this was created to control France along with Committee of public Safety to create a new order. 3. Summer of 1794, the French had largely defeated their foreign foes, meaning there was less need for the Reign of Terror, but it continued nonetheless.
        
        The Directory: 1. 5 directors to act as the executive committee, or Directory. Directory, together with the legislature, ruled. 2. The period of the revolution under the government of the Directory was and era of corruption and graft. 3. The Directory was unable to find a solution to the country's continuing economic problems.
        
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- - - - Napoleon: 1. dispatched a large expeditionary force of French soldiers and warships to the island, led by Napoleons brother in law Leclerc, to restore french rule. 2. For a few months, the island was quiet under Napoleonic rule. 3. Many Poles believed that if they fought for France, Napoleon would would reward them by restoring polish independence.
- - - - Descartes: 1. Principle of the separation of mind and body, his idea that mind and body were completely separate allowed scientists to view matter as dead or inert. 2. Descartes has rightly been called the father of modern rationalism, this system of thought is based on belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.
        
        Kepler: 1. Kepler used detailed astronomical data to arrive at his laws of planetary motion. His observations confirmed that the Sun was at the center of the universe and also added new information. 2. Kepler's First law , contradicted the circular orbits and crystal-like spheres that were central to the Ptolemaic system.
        
        Newton: 1. Newton defined the three laws of motion that govern the planetary bodies, as well as objects on Earth. 2. The law states, in mathematical terms, that every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity.
        
        Brahe: 1. Kepler used Brahe's observations after Brahe mysteriously died and developed his Laws of Planetary Motion with them. 2. He was one of the individuals whose work helped overturn the belief in favor of a heliocentric model of the universe, with the Sun at the center.
        
        Harvey: 1. Harvey showed that the heart not the liver, as Galen had thought was the beginning point for the circulation of blood in the body 2. Most important, he showed that the blood makes a complete circuit as it passes through the body.
        
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