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URBAN LOCAL GOVT. (CHALLENGES WITH THE URBAN LOCAL GOVT. (LACK OF…

- - - - PRI HAD TOOL OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY: GRAM SABHA, BUT THERE IS NOTHING LIKE MOHALLA SABHA
      - ACC. TO 2011 CENSUS INDIA IS URBANISING AT A FAST PACE.. BUT
        
        WITH 31.16% URBAN POPULATION.. GROWN AT RATE OF 31% IN LAST TEN YEARS, WHERE AS RURAL POPULATION JUST GROWN AT A RATE OF 12%
        
        CITIES ARE UNLIVEABLE: DELHI 16.3 MILLION, BANGALORE 10.3 MIL POPULATION
        
        CITY LACKS: INFRA. ,TRANSPORTATION, HOUSING, SOLID WASTE MGMT., BASIC SERVICES
        
        RAMPANT:POVERTY, SLUMS & CRIMES
      - 5.STATE OF FINANCE IS EXTREMELY INADEQUATE
        
        PER CAPITA SPENDING ON URBAN INFRA. IS LOWER : IN INDIA IT IS $ 16 WHEREAS IN CHINA $117
        
        INDIA SPENDS OVER A LITTLE MORE THAN 1%, WHEREAS OTHER BRICS COUNTRIES LIKE BRAZIL 5%, S.A 6%
      - 4.UNPLANNED URBANIZATION FUELED BY GLOBALIZATION(SERVICE SECTOR BOOM DEMADED URBANIZATION)
        
        THERE HAS BEEN FAILURE TO ERADICATE POVERTY IN RURAL AREAS
      - 6.LACK OF UNIFORMITY IN MUNCIPAL ADMINSTRATION
        
        LIKE CANTT. BOARD, PORT TRUST, NAGAR PALIKA, NAGAR PANCHAYATS, MUNCIPAL CORPORATION
      - URBAN LOCAL GOVT. DIDN'T GET A MENTION IN DPSP LIKE PRI DID
  - - - INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION WAS A URBAN CIVILIZATION, OTHER EXAMPLES: MAURYAN, GUPTA, VIJAYNAGAR, CHOLA
    - - IT'S SURPRISING EVEN URBAN ADMIN. COULDN'T CATCH IMAGINATION OF INDIAN LEADERS.. DESPITE MOST OF THEM HAILED FROM CITIES
- - - - FOR 1ST TIME INDIA GOVT. ESTD. M/O URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN 1985
  - - - BUT GOVT. INSPITE OF STRENGTHENING MUNICIPAL GOVT. IS CREATING SPV FOR SMART CITY PROJECTS
- - - - DEEPING OF DEMOCRACY
      - DISSATISFACTION WITH GOVT INS.
    - - THESE ARE STRUGGLE OF ECONOMICALLY MARGINALIZED SECTIONS
      - THESE MICRO MOVEMENTS ARE PROTESTS AGAINST GOVT. POLICIES WHICH ARE INCLINED TOWARDS FOREIGN CAPITAL LIKE: VEDENTA & POSCO
    - - BECOZ DECLINE OF INS. POLITICS.. AS POLITICAL PARTIES HAVE LIMITED THEMSELVES TO ELECTORAL CALCULAS
      - AS THEY LEFT POLITICS OF MOVEMENT.. SO NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENT IS TAKEN BY YOUNG MEN & WOMEN
        
        THEY AIM AT DEMOCRATIZE DEVELOPMENT BY EMPOWERMENT OF PEOPLE
    - - IN HER ARTICLE"CONTESTIG DEVELOPMENT , REINVENTING DEMOCRACY"GRASSROOT MOVEMENTS HAS RESULTED INTO:
        
        GRASSROOT MOVEMENT REPLACED EXCLUSIONARY NARRATIVE OF DEVELOPMENT WITH COUNTER NARRTAIVE OF INCLUSION
        
        EXPANDING PUBLIC SPACE
        
        RENEGOTIATING PEOPLE REALTIONSHIP WITH STATE
        
        SITE OF RECONSTRUCTION OF MODERNITY THROUGH DISCOURSE OF CITIZENSHIP