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epigenetics / gene expression (histone modification (euchromatin (low DNA…
epigenetics / gene expression
histone modification
overall structure of connected nucleosomes resembles beads on a string
shortens DNA length seven fold
euchromatin
low DNA methylation
less condensed regions of chromosomes
transcriptionally active
heterochromatin
dense DNA methylation
tightly compacted regions of chromosomes
transcriptionally
X inactivation
occurs on one of the two X chromosomes in females
DNA methylation
hypomethylation
hypomethlyation of tumor suppressor genes is seen
methylation of cytosines
blockage in transcription
CpG islands
occurs on cis elements
promoters
transcription factors
hypermethylation
hypermethylation of all chromosomes is observed
transcription
DNA is spliced by RNA polymerase
...and transcribed into RNA
...which is translated into proteins
RNA interference
pre MRNA
micro RNA
21-22 nucleotide non-coding RNA
vast majority of mRNAs regulate other genes by binding to complementary sequences in the target
perfect complementary of binding leads to mRNA degradation of the target gene
imperfect pairing inhibits translation of mRNA to protein
mRNAs are an important piece of the puzzle that is gene regulation