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DEMOCRATIC DECENTRALIZATION (INTRODUCTION (HOW DID STATE LEAD MODEL…
DEMOCRATIC DECENTRALIZATION
INTRODUCTION
WHY THERE WAS WAS A NEED TO DEVELOP PRI?
AT TIME TIME OF INDEPENDENCE BIGGEST CHALLENGE: RURAL DEVELOPMENT (70% POPULATION)>> WORST AFFECTED BY BRITISH POLICIES
WHAT WERE THE OPTIONS TO DEVELOP PRI
3 SCHOOLS FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT
PEOPLE LED DEVELOPMENT: GANDHIAN
STATE LED DEVELOPMENT: NEHRUVIAN MODEL
PRIVATE LED DEVELOPMENT: SWATANTRA PARTY
HOW DID STATE LEAD MODEL PERFORMED
INDIA ADOPTED STATE LED DEVELOPMENT: NEHRU INTRODUCED HIGHLY AMBITIOUS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN 1952
WHAT WAS CDP?
CDP BASED ON DEVELOPMENT ADMINSITRATION(PROPOSED BY WORLD BANK FOR NEWLY INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES)
COUNTRY WAS DIVIDED INTO DEVELOPMENT BLOCKS HEADED BY BDO... BDO AS CONNECTING LINK WITH PEOPLE & GOVT. IN PROCESS OF PLANNING, TRAINING, IMPLEMENTATION
BASED ON PREMISE THAT BUREAUCRACY MOST ADVANCED SECTION OF SOCIETY SO THEY WILL VANGAIRD DEVELOPMENT
WHY DID CDP FAIL?
CDP A FAILURE: AS BUREAUCRACY HAD NO EXPERIENCE & MIND SET ALSO TO PERFORM THIS TASK
PRI A SUBJECT OF STATE LIST
EVOLUTION: PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM
IT CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 4 PHASES
1ST PHASE : PHASE OF ENTHUSIAM: 1960'S
GOVT ALSO SETUP PLANNING COMMISSION
WHICH FORMED BALWANT RAI MEHTA COMMITE IN 1957
RECOMMENDED INTRODUCTION OF 3TIER PANCHAYAT RAJ SYSTEM COMPRISING OF PEOPLE REPRESNTATION(GANDHIAN)
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ONLY THROUGH COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
IN 1959 PRI WAS 1ST INTRODUCED & SOON ALMOST ALL STATE GOVT. INTRODUCED PANCHAYATS
BY MID 1960'S ENTHUSIAM HAS GONE
WHY ENTHUSIAM HAD GONE ??
BECAUSE OF 2 FACTOR
EXTERNAL FACTOR
REASON: 1962 & 1965 WARS: LEGITIMIZED TRENDS TOWARDS CENTRALIZATION
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AS FEDERAL AXIS WEAKEN: SUBSEQUENTLY LOCAL SELF GOVT. (WHICH DEPEND UPON DEVOLUTION OF POWER FROM STATES) ALSO WEAKENED
2.INTERNAL REASON: VESTED INTERESTS
STATE LEVEL LEADERSHIP
AS COMPRISED OF UPPER STATES.. SO FEARFULL OF EMERGENCE OF GRASSROOT LEVEL LEADERSHIP
2.BUREAUCRACY
REASON FOR SUCCESS KERELA PRI IS THAT BUREU. THERE MAINTAINED STRICT CODE OF CONDUCT
BUREAU. WAS FEARFUL OF SHIFTING OF POWER TO HANDS OF PEOPLE REPRESENTATIVE. SO BUREAU. HAD HOSTILE ATTITUDE TOWARDS REPRES.(MAJOR REASON OF FAILURE OF PRI)
1.MAJOR FAILURE FOR PRI IN INDIA ALSO THAT WHOLE EXPERIMENT IS SUPPLY DRIVEN RATHER THAN DEMAND DRIVEN
2ND PHASE : PHASE OF STAGNATION 1970'S-1980'S
THOUGH JANATA PARTY WAS COMMITTED TO CAUSE OF DEMOCRATIC DENCENTRALIAZTION: ON PRICIPLE OF J.P NARAYAN & RAM MONAHAR LOHIA
JANATA PARTY GOVT. APPOINTED
ASHOK MEHTA COMMITEE 1978
BUT REPORT DIDN'T TABLED IN PARLIAMENT AS JANTA PARTY GOVT GETS DISSOLVED
WITH NEW GOVT. EVEN ELECTION TO PANCHAYAT DIDN'T HELD.. PRI KEPT DISSOLVED
AND WHATEVER WAS RUNING WAS MONOPOLISED BY UPPER CASTE: WHOSE PURPOSE OF GRASSROOT DECENTALIZATION WAS LOST
3RD PHASE :PHASE OF REVIVAL: 1990'S
RAJEEV GANDHI GOVT. SETUP L.M SINGHVI COMMITEE 1986
RECOMMENDED CONSTITUTIONAL STATUES FOR PANCHAYATS
GOVT. PUT FORWARD A REVOLUTIONARY 64TH CONS A BILL.
WHICH GOT STALLED IN RAJYA SABHA AS RAJYA SABHA HELD IT IS CONSPIRACY OF UNION TO UNDERMINE STATES
ALSO AT TIME DUE TO TRUST DEFICIT DEFICT B/W STATES & UNION BECOZ OF MISUSE OF ART 356 & INS OF GOVERNOR
4TH PHASE:PHASE OF DISILLUSIONMENT: PRESENT PHASE
IN 1992 NARSHIMHA RAO GOVT. PASSED 73RD CONSAA. GIVEN CONSTITUTIONAL STATUS TO PRI
WHY DISILLUSIONMENT?
GOVT. CONSTITUTED MANI SHANKER IYER COMMITTE
WHICH HELD THAT "BAD PRI IS WORSE THAN NO PRI"
IT HELD THAT INSTEAD OF DEMOCRATIC DECENTRALIZATION ... DECENTRALIZATION OF CORUPTION IS ACHIEVED
DISILLUSIONMENT PREVAILING WITH PANCHYATS BECAUSE NOTHING HAS CHANGED IN RURAL AREAS SINCE 73RD CONSAA
BECOZ EVEN IN 1990'S WHOLE REMAIN SUPPLY DRIVEN NOT DEMAND DRIVEN
WHY AT THIS TIME 73RD CONSAA WAS PASSED?
GOVT. ALSO MADE COMMITMENT @ RIO SUBMIT.. SO IT NOT POSSIBLE FOR GOVT, TO POSTPONE INTRODUCTION OF PRI
IN 1991 LPG REFORMS: UNDER IMF'S STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAM REQUIRE GOVT. TO INTRODUCE GOOD GOVERNANCE
PRI A HALF BAKED CAKE
73RDCONSAA.
COMPROMISED DOCUMENT!
WHY PRI IS CALLED HALF BAKED CAKE?
BECOZ IT CONSIST OF 2 SETS OF PROVISIONS
VOLUNTARY PROVSIONS: POWER & FUNCTIONS LEFT TO STATE TO GRANT OR NOT.. FLESH & BLOOD LEFT WITH STATES
STATES HAVEN'T IMPLEMENTED THOSE PRINCIPLES
COMPULSORY PROVISIONS: CREATED INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ONLY.. MADE SKELETON MANDATORY BUT..
5 ARTICLES TO ANALYSED
ART 243 A
GRAM SABHA
BIG LEAP TOWARDS DEMOCRATIC DECENTRALIZATION.. BUT NOT COMPLETE
HOW INCOMPLETE?
THOUGH 3 TIER PRI WAS MADE.. BUT IT IS LEFT TO STATE LEGISLATURE WHICH POWER TO DEVOLVE
ADDITION OF 11TH SCHEDULE DOESN'T RESULTED IN AUTOMATIC TRANSFER OF POWER TO PRI
HENCE LEVEL OF DECENTRALIZATION VARIES FROM STATE TO STATE.. NO UNIFORMITY
.
ACT ONLY TELL POWER OF GRAM PANCHAYAT BUT NOT OF GRAM SABHA
WITH EXCEPTION SOME STATES LIKE KERELA , M.P MOST STATES'S GRAM SABHA HAS NO POWERS
THOUGH UNDER PESA ACT POWER OF GRAM SABHA ARE DEFINED.. SO IT SHOULD ALSO BE MADE IN CONTEXT OF 73RD CONSAA.
ONE GRAM SABHA FOR ALL VILLAGES FOR ONE PANCHAYAT AREA
SO THERE IS LITTLE MOTIVATION FROM ALL VILLAGES COMING UNDER A PANCHAYAT AREAS
AS MANI SHANKER IYER COMMITEE HELD: GRAM SABHA MEETING ARE NOT SERVING ITS PURPOSE
HOW DEMOCRATIC DECENTRALIZATION
2.A UNIFORM 3 TIER PRI: WILL BRING UNIFORMITY IN POLICY MAKING, DEVOLUTION OF FUNDS & ADMINSTRATION
(STATE LESS THAN 20 LAC POPULATION IS EXEMPTED TO HAVE INTERMEDIATE LEVEL)
INTRODUCED TOOL OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY
FOR A VILLAGE WITH POPULATION ABOVE 1500 IT IS MANDATRAY TO CONSTITUTE GRAM SABHA
EARLIER NOT MANDATORY TO CREATE PRI AS SUBJECT IN DPSP U/A 40
1.BUT 73RD CONSAA. MADE IT MANDATORY FOR STATES WITH POPULATION ABOVE 20 LANKS TO CREATE 3 TIER PRI
ART 243K
STATE ELECTION COMMISSION
STRENGTH
REASON WHY PRI STAGNATED IN EARLIER TIMES IS ABSENCE OF REGULAR ELECTIONS
HENCE 73RD CONSAA NOT ONLY PROVIDED A REGULAR ELECTION BUT ALSO A DEDICATED INSTITUTION FOR THE PURPOSE
NOW MANDATORY TO HAVW ELECTIONS IN 5 YEARS.BEFORE EXPIRY OF 6 MONTHS OF PRI
WEAKNESS:
PANCHAYATS DIDN'T HAVE OPPORTUNITY TO BE HEARD BEFORE DISSOLUTION BY STATE GOVT.(THOUGH MUNICIPLATIES HAVE OPPORTUNITY)
SO WHAT CAN BE DONE: SEC TO BE MADE AUTONOMUS BODY.. OR TO BE BROUGHT UNDER ELECTION COMMISSION
ART 243D
RESERVATION
STRENGTH:
RESERVATION FOR WEAKER SECTIONS OF SOCIETY: SC, ST, WOMEN
WEAKNESS:
WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE: PROVIDE QUORUM FOR MEETING WITH SC, ST, & WOMEN
1.CASES LIKE IN TAMIL NADU.. WHERE MEMBERS OF UPPER CASTE DIDN'T ALLOWED DALITS TO ENTER IN PANCHAYAT MEETINGS
2.CONCEPT OF PATI PANCHAYAT OR SARPANCH PATI
3.RESERVATION OF SEATS IS BASED ON ROTATION(RESERVED FOR ONE TERM)
4.COMPOSITION PANCHYATS: ALSO HAVE MLA, MLC WHO ALSO HAVE VOTING RIGHTS.
THIS OBSTRUCT FREE EXERCISE OF CHOICE OF ELECTED MEMBERS OF PANCHAYATS
ART 243I
STATE FINANCE COMMISSION:
BY 73RD ADDITIONAL RESPONSIBILTY IS CREATED BY STATES NEED TO ESTD. SFC TO RECCOMEND FUNDING FOR PRI
BUT 14TH FC. WHICH ALSO RECOMMEDED FOR PRI HIGHLIGHTED WEAKNESS OF SFC
IT HELD SFC ARE NOT AUTONOMUS BODIES
THERE REPORTS ARE NOT EVEN TABLED IN SLA
UNLIKE UNION, THEY HAVEN'T IMPLEMENTED FC RECOMM.
14TH FC RECOMM. THAT SFC TO BE STRENGTHED & STATES NEED TO SYNCHRONISE THERE BUDGET WITH SFC RECOMM
ART 243J AUDITING:
NO INS. FOR AUDITING SO CAG HELDS SOCIAL ADUDITING TO BE THEIR FOR PANCHAYTS
BUT PEOPLE LACK SUCH CAPCITY WRT TO SOCIAL AUDITING
KERELA HAVE ESTD, PANCHAYAT OMBUDSMAN: WHICH NEEDS TO ESTD. ALL ACROSS INDIA
PLANNING:
74TH CONSAA. PROVIDED FOR DISTRICT PLANNING COMMITTEES WHICH WILL MEMBERS OF PANCHYATS & MUNCIPLAITIES
BUT NOT ESTD. BY STATE.. & IF ESTD. THEIR LACK OF LACK OF DATA
PRI LACK THEIR OWN CADRE OF PERSONNEL THEY HAVE DEPEND UPON STATE BUREAUCRACY WHICH HAVE NEVER BEEN SUPPORTIVE TO PRI
CONCLUSION:
WHAT IS REQUIRED
POLITICAL WILL UNION TO DEVOLVE POWER TO STATES & STATES SHOULD TO PRI
KERELA'S MODEL NEEDS TO IMPLEMENTED ALL ACROSS THE INDIA
KERELA MODEL: BIG BANG APPROACH KERELA GOVT. DEVOLVED ALL POWERS UNDER 11TH SCHEDULE IN ONE GO
ACC.TO 2ND ARC LOCAL SELF GOVT. IS LOWEST TIER OF GOVT. BUT NOT LEAST IMP... RATHER MOST IMP. AS IT DEALS WITH DAY TO DAY AFFAIRS
IT S MOCKERY OF DEMOCRACY: IT CREATES LAKHS OF PUBLIC REPRESENTATIVE WITH NO POWERS
ABOVE ANALYSIS SHOWS 73RD CONSAA: ONLY HAS PROVIDED SKELETON
PUNCHI COMMISSION RECOMM:
FORMATION OF LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL IN ALL THE STATES
CHANGE THEIR COMPOSITION LIKE THAT OF RAJYA SABHA
LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL TO BE PLATFORM FOR PRI & MUNCIPALITIES
CREATION OF WATCH DOG BODY: NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR PANCHAYATS
APPLICATION OF SUBSIDARY PRINCIPLE & DEVOLUTION OF FUNDS